scholarly journals Bowman’s Risk-Return Paradox: Evidence From Eastern Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-254
Author(s):  
Ngoc Cau Nguyen ◽  
Wei Ning ◽  
Albi Alikaj
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk And Return ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Generally True

Abstract While conventional wisdom has stated that greater risks typically bring greater rewards, many studies have shown that this is not generally true for the financial state of firms. This paradox, known as Bowman’s paradox has motivated studies to examine this relationship across different industries, periods, and nations. However, most of these studies have focused on Western countries such as Belgium and the United States of America. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by investigating the generalizability of Bowman’s paradox and prospect theory across three distinct Eastern countries. Data is collected from 10,623 firms located in China, Japan, and Vietnam. Cross- sectional and longitudinal associations between risk and return provided general support for Bowman’s paradox and prospect theory for the three Eastern countries. The results indicate that there is a general negative risk-return relationship for firms in these countries. Further analyses show that this relationship is stronger for firms performing below the industry median. This might suggest that firms that are in trouble usually take more risks. This relationship is strongest for firms in Japan, followed by firms in China and Vietnam, respectively.

scholarly journals What is the prevalence of current alcohol dependence and how is it measured for Indigenous people in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America? A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teagan J. Weatherall ◽  
Katherine M. Conigrave ◽  
James H. Conigrave ◽  
K. S. Kylie Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Alcohol

Abstract Background Alcohol affects Indigenous communities globally that have been colonised. These effects are physical, psychological, financial and cultural. This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence in Indigenous Peoples in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America, to identify how it is measured, and if tools have been validated in Indigenous communities. Such information can help inform estimates of likely treatment need. Methods A systematic search of the literature was completed in six electronic databases for reports on current alcohol dependence (moderate to severe alcohol use disorder) published between 1 January 1989–9 July 2020. The following data were extracted: (1) the Indigenous population studied; country, (2) prevalence of dependence, (3) tools used to screen, assess or diagnose current dependence, (4) tools that have been validated in Indigenous populations to screen, assess or diagnose dependence, and (5) quality of the study, assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Results A total of 11 studies met eligibility criteria. Eight were cross-sectional surveys, one cohort study, and two were validation studies. Nine studies reported on the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence, and the range varied widely (3.8–33.3% [all participants], 3–32.8% [males only], 1.3–7.6% [females only]). Eight different tools were used and none were Indigenous-specific. Two tools have been validated in Indigenous (Native American) populations. Conclusion Few studies report on prevalence of current alcohol dependence in community or household samples of Indigenous populations in these four countries. Prevalence varies according to sampling method and site (for example, specific community versus national). Prior work has generally not used tools validated in Indigenous contexts. Collaborations with local Indigenous people may help in the development of culturally appropriate ways of measuring alcohol dependence, incorporating local customs and values. Tools used need to be validated in Indigenous communities, or Indigenous-specific tools developed, validated and used. Prevalence findings can inform health promotion and treatment needs, including funding for primary health care and specialist treatment services.

Does gender influence leadership roles in academic surgery in the United States of America? A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Frank Battaglia ◽  
Syed Ali Farhan ◽  
Mehek Narmeen ◽  
Ahmer Azhar Karimuddin ◽  
Sabeena Jalal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Surgery ◽  
Gender Influence

scholarly journals Effect of the timing of stay-at-home orders on COVID-19 infections in the United States of America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megh Trivedi ◽  
Anirudha Das
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Case Rate ◽  
At Home

Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic has sparked growing global interest in understanding the spread and outcome of the virus. From previous pandemics, we have learned that several demographic, geographic, and socio-economic factors may play a role in increasing risk of infection. Our objective was to examine the association of timing of mandated stay-at-home orders at the county-level with COVID-19 cases, daily case rate and mortality in the United States of America (USA). Publicly available data were used to perform a cross-sectional study of USA counties with > 100,000 population, and at least 50 confirmed cases per 100,000 people as of May 24, 2020. The three outcome variables were: total cases/100,000, daily case rate (DCR), and total deaths/100,000. Out of 3142 USA counties, 569 met the inclusion criteria. Of all variables, the timing of state-mandated stay-at-home order had the most significant effect on all three outcomes after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased cases and deaths include population density, housing problem, unemployment, African American race, and age > 65. Policymakers at the local level must take this into consideration while planning for interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

scholarly journals HEART RATE LEVELS IN THE POPULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DURING THE THIRTY-YEAR PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
V. G. Vilkov ◽  
A. V. Kapustina ◽  
A. D. Deev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

Heart rate (HR) acceleration is one of the risk factors of the number of prevalent chronic non-communicable diseases.Aim. To evaluate changes in mean levels of HR in the Russian Federation (RF) and the United States of America (USA) in different age and sex groups from 1975 to 2014.Material and methods. HR levels in men and women of different age groups were evaluated in the populations of the RF and the USA in 1975-1982 and in 2007-2014 by the secondary analysis of cross-sectional trials data. A total number of cases was 48974.Results. In 80th years of XX century Russian men and women of all age groups had lower HR as compared to the USA, the distinctions were statistically significant in all age groups except for men aged 25-34 years (p<0.0001). During the next 3 decades HR significantly decreased in all groups of the USA population, while the RF population demonstrated variety of HR levels trends in different groups, absolute distinctions in mean values were relatively small and did not exceed 2 beats per minute. At the present time HR levels are less in the RF as compared to the USA in women aged 25-55 years and in men aged 25-34 years; in 55-64-year old men HR is somewhat higher in the RF than in the USA, other groups revealed statistically insignificant distinctions.Conclusion. The USA evidently loosed out to the RF in mean levels of HR in all age groups 35 years earlier. During the next 3 decades situation has been worsened as applied to the RF and distinctions with the USA have been largely smoothed over. 

Thinking About Scots Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Rodger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The University

This article is the revised text of the first W A Wilson Memorial Lecture, given in the Playfair Library, Old College, in the University of Edinburgh, on 17 May 1995. It considers various visions of Scots law as a whole, arguing that it is now a system based as much upon case law and precedent as upon principle, and that its departure from the Civilian tradition in the nineteenth century was part of a general European trend. An additional factor shaping the attitudes of Scots lawyers from the later nineteenth century on was a tendency to see themselves as part of a larger Englishspeaking family of lawyers within the British Empire and the United States of America.

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