scholarly journals Field-specific Conventions in the Translation of Commercial Law Documentation for Court Proceedings

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-243
Author(s):  
Edyta Więcławska

Abstract The paper presents findings gathered in an exploratory, descriptive, corpus-based analysis of a parallel corpus composed of English corporate documents and their translations into Polish with regard to the frequency-related, binary strategy distribution pattern. In general, the author posits a distinctiveness of interlingual communication in the domain of law, as delineated by the institutional and disciplinary framework. The material extracted from the corpus and studied for its generic features (author, forthcoming-a) points to the hermetic character of corporate written communication in English. The thesis to be verified is whether there are any tendencies in the distribution of the translation strategies in the corpus texts. The research question was operationalised via coding the corpus extracts according to the binary strategy division scheme. Further, the data have been discussed in reference to the sociocultural background of the communicative situation covered under the analysis in order to account for the translators’ motivation.

Author(s):  
Alberto Maffi

This chapter discusses the Gortyn Code within the wider context of Cretan law. It provides a comprehensive account of the laws of Gortyn as they can be reconstructed from the Great Code and from other legal inscriptions. It also offers an overview of the relevant source material and of its specificities. The areas discussed are personal and family relations (for example marriage, adoption, slavery), commercial law and economic transactions, and legal procedure in Gortyn. The chapter also integrates the discussion of the Gortyn code within the wider research question of the unity and diversity of Greek law, and compares Cretan procedures with those attested in other poleis.


Target ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidee Kruger

The tension between domesticating and foreignising translation strategies is particularly strongly felt in the translation of children’s literature, and has been a key issue in many studies of such literature. However, despite the pervasiveness of the concepts, there is little existing empirical research investigating how child (and adult) readers of translated children’s books process and respond to for eignised elements in translation. This means that scholars’ arguments in favour of either domestication or foreignisation in the translation of children’s literature are often based on intuition and personal experience, with no substantial empirical basis. This article presents the findings of an experiment undertaken to investigate Afrikaans child and adult readers’ processing of and responses to potentially linguistically and culturally foreign textual elements in translated children’s picturebooks, against the background of postcolonial/neocolonial cultural and linguistic hybridity in South Africa. The paper reports the results relating to two of the research questions informing the study: Does the use of foreignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks have any significant effect on the cognitive effort involved in reading for child and adult readers? Is the comprehension of child and adult readers affected by the use of for eignised elements in translated children’s picturebooks? A reading study utilising eye-tracking was conducted, involving both child and adult participants reading manipulated domesticated and foreignised versions of pages from two picturebooks translated from English to Afrikaans. To answer research question (1), data obtained by means of eye-tracking were analysed for dwell time, fixation count, first fixation duration and glances count for areas of interest (AOIs) reflecting domesticating or foreignising translation strategies. In order to answer question (2), short structured questionnaires or interviews with participants were used, focusing on the degree of comprehension of the two texts. Overall, the findings of the experiment demonstrate that while there are perceptible effects on processing and comprehension associated with the use of foreignising strategies, these effects are not straightforward or uniform, with notable differences not only for different AOIs, but also for child and adult readers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Sorka

VERITATEM ESSE QUAERENDAM: TRUTH IN THE ROMAN CIVIL TRIAL The book is an attempt to look at the basic values of court proceedings, taking into account the thought and practice of the Roman civil trial. The main research question underlying the dissertation concerns the meaning of the judiciary knowledge of truth in the perspective of the theory and practice of the Roman civil trial. The question can be reduced to whether the Roman civil trial was governed by the principle of material truth or the principle of formal truth.


Author(s):  
Cybelle Saffa Soares

This study aims to investigate the translation of violence, to propose and to analyse the translation strategies of English Fairytales (EFT) to the Portuguese language. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the interface of Corpus-based Translation Studies (CTS) and Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). Klingberg (1986) purification concept adapted as translation strategies proposed by Chesterman (1997). For the alignment and corpus analysis, it is used COPA-TRAD – Parallel Corpus for translation research (Fernandes, L. & Silva, 2014). The analysis revealed that the target text had been translated under the moral and religious motivational factors of the source culture because the literature translated in Brazil still had to comply with the Portuguese requirements for translating for children (Coelho, 1987).


Tradterm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-396
Author(s):  
Silvia Bernardini

This contribution describes the potential of parallel corpus analysis for the development of research skills in the translation classroom. Using culinary texts as a case in point, and more specifically a culturally salient Italian text from the turn of the 19th century (Pellegrino Artusi's La scienza in cucina e l'arte del mangiar bene/Science in the kitchen and the art of eating well, in its original Italian and translated English version), a detailed analysis is offered of the Italian equivalents of the verb lemma COOK and of the English equivalents of the Italian verb lemma CUOCERE, showing how the paradigmatic and syntagmatic insights thus obtained could be used to construct bilingual lexical/terminological profiles of units of meaning, and/or to shed light on translation strategies and norms, depending on one's research hypotheses and variables. Two more unorthodox uses of parallel corpora to tap into translators' domain-specific knowledge, and as aids in the interpretation of culturally salient historical and literary texts, are also discussed.


Author(s):  
Isabel Duran-Muñoz ◽  
Katia Peruzzo

Nella traduzione di testi che riguardano tematiche ambientali dallo spagnolo all’italiano o viceversa, il traduttore spesso incontra termini che a prima vista possono sembrare equivalenti assoluti, come parque regional in spagnolo e parco regionale in italiano. Tuttavia, questi termini a volte possono dare luogo a errori di traduzione o problemi di interpretazione del testo di partenza, essendo il prodotto della cultura di origine e quindi diversi dal punto di vista sociale, politico e amministrativo. I traduttori devono quindi essere consapevoli delle differenze per evitare i tranelli linguistici che possono portare ad errori di interpretazione e di resa del testo di partenza nella lingua di arrivo. In questo articolo si presenta uno studio condotto su un corpus parallelo spagnolo-italiano composto di testi turistici sulla promozione delle aree naturali protette in Spagna, a cui si affianca l’analisi delle fonti normative nazionali, internazionali ed eurounitarie. Lo scopo dello studio è fornire una descrizione delle differenze e somiglianze a livello concettuale e terminologico nel settore della tutela ambientale, basata sull’analisi delle classificazioni e delle caratteristiche delle aree naturali protette. Nel materiale analizzato si individuano differenze e somiglianze tra i termini specifici delle due culture in esame, mentre la disamina delle traduzioni presenti nel corpus parallelo permette di identificare i principali problemi traduttivi ed eventuali errori di traduzione. Infine, i corpora comparabili monolingui e le fonti normative vengono considerati strumenti fondamentali che permettono di evitare errori traduttivi e selezionare le strategie traduttive più adeguate, come la domesticazione e la stranierizzazione (Venuti 1995) o l’espansione e la semplificazione, al fine di rendere più fruibili i testi tradotti e consentire sia ai destinatari della lingua di partenza che a quelli della lingua di arrivo di condividere se non proprio la stessa realtà concettuale, una realtà molto simile.   Abstract   In the process of translating Italian-Spanish environmental texts, translators frequently come across terms which at first glance might seem to be perfect translation equivalents, such as parque natural in Spanish and parco naturale in Italian, which can sometimes result in mistranslation and misinterpretation. These terms are embedded in cultures and, thus, different both from a social and a political perspective. Consequently, translators must be aware of these underlying differences so as to avoid possible pitfalls in interpreting the content and translating the texts correctly. This article presents a study carried out on a Spanish-Italian parallel corpus of tourist texts dealing with the promotion of protected natural areas in Spain, which is accompanied by an analysis of the legal sources at national, international and European levels. The purpose of the study is to provide a description of the differences and similarities at the conceptual and terminological levels in the specific field of environmental protection, based on the analysis of the characteristics and classifications of protected natural areas. The use of these resources will identify the differences and similarities between the specific terms of the two cultures examined (the Italian and Spanish), while the discussion of translations in Italian in the parallel corpus allows to highlight the major translation problems and potential translation errors. Finally, the use of the comparable monolingual corpora and the consultation of legal sources are seen as key tools that help translators to avoid errors and to select the most appropriate translation strategies, such as domestication or foreignization (Venuti 1995) and amplification or simplification in order to make the translated texts more accessible and allow both the recipients of the source language and those of the target language to share if not exactly the same conceptual reality, a very similar reality.   Resumen   En la traducción de textos sobre temas ambientales del español al italiano o vice versa, el traductor se enfrenta a menudo a términos que a primera vista pueden parecer equivalentes absolutos, como parque regional en español y parque regional en italiano. Sin embargo, estos términos a veces puede conducir a errores en la traducción o a una interpretación inadecuada en el texto meta debido a la relación del texto origen con la cultura origen. Por lo tanto, los traductores deben ser conscientes de estas diferencias entre la cultura origen y la meta a fin de evitar posibles errores de interpretación y transmitir correctamente el mensaje original. En este artículo se presenta un estudio llevado a cabo en un corpus paralelo español-italiano compuesto por textos turísticos relacionados con la promoción de las áreas naturales protegidas en España, junto con un análisis de las fuentes aplicables nacionales, internacionales y comunitarias. El propósito del estudio es proporcionar una descripción de las diferencias y similitudes en el plano conceptual y terminológico en el ámbito de la protección del medio ambiente, basado ​​en el análisis de las características y clasificaciones de las áreas naturales protegidas. En el material analizado se identifican similitudes y diferencias entre los términos específicos de las dos culturas en cuestión, mientras que el examen de las traducciones en el corpus paralelo se utiliza para identificar los principales problemas de traducción y errores de traducción. Finalmente, los corpus monolingües y la normativa al respecto se consideran herramientas fundamentales para evitar los errores de traducción y seleccionar las estrategias de traducción más apropiadas, tales como la domesticación y extranjerización (Venuti 1995) o la amplificación y la simplificación, con el fin de producir unos textos traducidos más accesibles y ofrecer tanto a los destinatarios de la lengua de origen como a los de la lengua meta una realidad compartida, si no exactamente la misma desde un punto de vista conceptual, sí muy similar.


1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Wood ◽  
Joan L. Rankin ◽  
David R. Beukelman

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired word and inserts it into a line of text. This software is used to support individuals with severe speech, physical, and learning disabilities. This tutorial describes the features of a variety of word prompt programs and reviews the current literature on the use of these programs by people with oral and written language needs. In addition, a matrix that identifies the features contained in eight sample word prompt programs is provided. The descriptions of features and the matrix are designed to assist speech-language pathologists and teachers in evaluating and selecting word prompt programs to support their clients' oral and written communication.


2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Witkowski ◽  
Bruce Baker

Abstract In the early elementary grades, the primary emphasis is on developing skills crucial to future academic and personal success—specifically oral and written communication skills. These skills are vital to student success as well as to meaningful participation in the classroom and interaction with peers. Children with complex communication needs (CCN) may require the use of high-performance speech generating devices (SGDs). The challenges for these students are further complicated by the task of learning language at a time when they are expected to apply their linguistic skills to academic tasks. However, by focusing on core vocabulary as a primary vehicle for instruction, educators can equip students who use SGDs to develop language skills and be competitive in the classroom. In this article, we will define core vocabulary and provide theoretical and practical insights into integrating it into the classroom routine for developing oral and written communication skills.


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