scholarly journals Changes in the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) population in Czechia and their association with legal protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Jan Andreska ◽  
Dominik Andreska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Eagle Owl ◽  
Live Bait

Abstract The article deals with trends in the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) population in Czechia and the interplay between legal regulation of hunting and nature protection. In the early 20th century, the eagle-owl population in Bohemia decreased to an estimated 20 nesting pairs, and the population in Moravia and Silesia was subsequently estimated to be similarly low. In previous centuries, eagle-owls had been persecuted as pest animals; additionally, their chicks were picked from nests to be kept by hunters for the eagle-owl lure hunting method (“výrovka” in Czech), where they were used as live bait to attract corvids and birds of prey, which were subsequently killed by shooting. As soon as the state of the eagle-owl population was established in the 1900s, the effort to save the autochthonous eagle-owl population commenced. Nevertheless, when eagle-owls became legally protected from killing in the 1930s, the eagle-owl lure hunting method was not prohibited. The intensified use of this hunting method in the 1950s was accompanied by serious decline in the populations of birds of prey in the Czech countryside, when tens of thousands of Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and rough-legged buzzards (B. lagopus) were killed on a yearly basis. The usage of eagle-owl chicks in lure hunting was criticised by ornithologists concerned with the conservation of birds of prey. The eagle-owl thus became a subject of more general debate on the role of predators in nature, and this debate (albeit regarding other predator species) has continued to the present-day. As the eagle-owl population has been growing steadily following the prohibition of its killing in the 1930s, its story may serve as an example of the need for effective legal protection of predators to ensure their survival in the intensively exploited central-European environment. The article examines the successful preserving of the eagle-owl in the Czech countryside, from its low point in the early 20th century towards today’s stable and ever-increasing population, focusing on environmental, conservationist, legal and societal aspects of the issue.

State Regulation of Agricultural Lending in Naddnieper Ukraine in the 19th - early 20th Centuries: Modern Scientific Discourse

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Zaichenko ◽  
◽  
Volodymyr Popov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
History Of

The purpose of the article is to consider the modern scientific discourse on agricultural lending in Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries and to identify promising areas for further research on this issue. The authors used empirical and theoretical methods of scientific research in particular methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of scientific abstraction, and others characteristic methods of research on economic history to achieve this goal and implement the corresponding research tasks. In recent years, a body of diverse scientific research of historians, economists and lawyers has appeared in Ukraine in which these problems are considered. These works differ both in the depth of study of the problem of agricultural lending and in the range of studied issues. The entire body of works of modern Ukrainian scientists, which forms the modern scientific discourse on the history of agricultural lending in Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century, consists of three groups including in particular : 1) research, which are devoted to outstanding economists and theorists of lending of the 19th - early 20th century; 2) works on the history of the Peasant and Noble banks, branches and offices of which operated on the territory of the Ukrainian governorates; 3) research of cooperative crediting. We are obliged to note that despite a significant amount of scientific research on the history of lending (including agricultural lending) in Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, today prevail works devoted only to certain aspects of this complex and important scientific problem, without proper cooperation between representatives of various branches of knowledge. In the authors' view, synectics that is scientific cooperation of representatives of various specialties: economists, historians and lawyers, should become promising in studying the history of agricultural lending in Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It allows to solve such a complex scientific problem comprehensively and considering the economic component (determination of the most optimal scientifically grounded lending methods) and the historical as well as anthropological approach and the study of the legal regulation of credit relations. In our opinion, it is exactly the kind of approach, that allows not only to study the problem of the history of agricultural lending in Naddnieper Ukraine in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century comprehensively, but also to offer modern lenders a mechanism for developing balanced and affordable credit products that will stimulate the development of the agricultural sector and the economy of Ukraine as a whole.

scholarly journals Dietary comparison of coexisting barn owl (Tyto alba) and eagle owl (Bubo bubo) during consecutive breeding seasons

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyan Milchev
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Barn Owl ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
European Hare ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Barn Owls ◽  
Eagle Owl

Coexistence of predator species often depends on behaviours or preferences that result in spatio-temporal reduction of competition. In this study, the diets of coexisting barn owls (Tyto alba) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in an agricultural landscape of SE Bulgaria were compared. White-toothed shrews (Crociduraspp.), voles (Microtusspp.) and mice (Musspp.) were the main prey of barn owl (86.3% by number, 81.2% by biomass) with significantly different frequencies in annual diets. The principle biomass (64.8 ± 6.2%) of the significantly different eagle owl annual diets comprised much heavier prey such as white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus), European hare (Lepus europaeus) and non-passerine birds of wetlands and open habitats. The two owl species preferred and hunted on different prey size groups in the same territory, and this difference explained the low level of food competition (6.0 ± 3.6% diet overlap according to prey biomass). Voles were the only prey of the two owls with significantly different frequencies for the annual diets in intraspecies comparisons. The proportions of voles in both diets showed similar trends during the study. Eagle owl predation on barn owls was slightly affected by their coexisting breeding despite the high levels of food stress of eagle owl. These findings provide insight into how preying habits can predict successful coexistence of potentially competing predator species.

scholarly journals Raptor genomes reveal evolutionary signatures of predatory and nocturnal lifestyles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Sung Cho ◽  
JeHoon Jun ◽  
Jung A Kim ◽  
Hak-Min Kim ◽  
Oksung Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Apex Predators ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Eagle Owl ◽  
Reference Genomes

AbstractBackgroundBirds of prey (raptors) are dominant apex predators in terrestrial communities, with hawks (Accipitriformes) and falcons (Falconiformes) hunting by day, and owls (Strigiformes) hunting by night.ResultsHere, we report new genomes and transcriptomes for 20 species of birds, including 16 species of birds of prey, and high-quality reference genomes for the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), oriental scops-owl (Otus sunia), eastern buzzard (Buteo japonicus), and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Our extensive genomic analysis and comparisons with non-raptor genomes identified common molecular signatures that underpin anatomical structure and sensory, muscle, circulatory, and respiratory systems related to a predatory lifestyle. Compared with diurnal birds, owls exhibit striking adaptations to the nocturnal environment, including functional trade-offs in the sensory systems (e.g., loss of color vision genes and selection for enhancement of nocturnal vision and other sensory systems) that are probably convergent with other nocturnal avian orders. Additionally, we found that a suite of genes associated with vision and circadian rhythm were differentially expressed between nocturnal and diurnal raptors, indicating adaptive expression change during the transition to nocturnality.ConclusionsOverall, raptor genomes showed genomic signatures associated with the origin and maintenance of several specialized physiological and morphological features essential to be apex predators.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING PRIORITIES OF ECOLOGICAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION: NATURE AND HUMAN HEALTH AS OBJECTS OF LEGAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Vorontsova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Relations ◽  
Environmental Relations ◽  
Legal Mechanism

The paper is devoted to the problematic issues of the legal regulation of nature protection activities in the Russian Federation. The author notes that a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation indicates a crisis of the previously existing paradigm of human-environmental interaction. Therefore, the situation requires full-scale measures within the state's environmental strategy. However, the change of the environmental state policy as a whole and the improvement of the legal mechanism of environmental relations in particular encounters a number of theoretical and practical problems, which have not been solved. The author pays attention to the problem of determining the priorities of environmental and legal protection, which is very important in the process of establishing the optimal ratio in the "human-nature" relations. The result of solving the problems influences the objectives of the state environmental policy, as well as the objectives of the Environmental Safety Strategy. The author analyzes the main aspect of the considered problem, the essence of which is ambiguity of the fundamental object in ecological relations. It is noted that today there are two points of view on this issue in the Russian legal science. According to the first one, the object of legal protection is exclusively environmental interests of a man. Accordingly, the protection of nature must be carried out exclusively in the interests of his life and health. Supporters of the second point of view believe that the nature as a whole should be a priority in legal protection. The author notes that the choice of a particular conceptual position (and, accordingly, the priority of environmental and legal protection) depends on the world outlook on the role and place of a man in the world. At the same time, problems of a technical and legal nature, connected with internal logic and subordination of legal norms regulating ecological relations worsen the situation. The author concludes that there are internal contradictions in the mechanism of legal protection of the environment.

scholarly journals Traditional Law and Russian Peasantry

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Pavel Viktorovich Erin ◽  
Natalia Vladimirovna Melekhova ◽  
Vadim Pavlovich Nikolashin
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Moral Perspective ◽  
The Everyday

This article analyzes the application of customary law in peasant legal pro-ceedings. The authors consider reasons for the domination of customary law in the everyday life of peasants in the early 20th century. They also determine the causes of the declining authority of customs in legal regulation. Law becomes the most convenient tool for resolving legal disputes. The paper presents the attitude to the customary law of leading lawyers and public officials and re-veals different viewpoints on the problem under consideration. The analysis of these positions enables researchers to consider the attitude to legal norms in modern society from a moral perspective.  

scholarly journals Birds in nourishment of eagle-owl (Bubo bubo L.) in Ciscaucasia region

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
L. Gorobets ◽  
V. Yanenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Tawny Owl ◽  
Eagle Owl ◽  
High Level ◽  
Owl Pellets ◽  
Sørensen Index

The article deals with the results of research into species composition of birds whose remains were discovered in Eagle-owl pellets in Ciscaucasia region. The materials collected in three locations of the region have very low similarity index which doesn't exceed 0,1 (Sørensen index). This fact indicates a high level of Eagle-owl polyphagia. During the research, the birds of prey (ex. Goshawk and a Rough-legged buzzard) as well as rare Tawny owl and Long-eared owl were identified. A part of birds in the nourishment of eagle-owls increases during autumnal migrations. The poultry is extremely rare found among Eagle-owl prey.

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