scholarly journals Infant Mortality and Public Health Expenditure in Nigeria: Empirical Explanation of the Nexus

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Joseph David
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

Abstract This study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and Granger causality technique to empirically examines the nature of relationship between infant mortality and public expenditure on health in Nigeria from 1980 – 2016. In addition, the study considers the roles of immunization, private health expenditure and external health resources on infant mortality in Nigeria. Among other things, the empirical results indicate the presence of significant conintegrating (long-run) relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure (and private health expenditure, immunization and external health resources), coupled with the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure. In addition, the results also demonstrate that, government health expenditure, private health expenditure, immunization, and external health resources significantly influence infant mortality negatively both in the long and short term. Although, private health spending is shown as the major determinant of the reduction of infant mortality rate in Nigeria, due to the size of the coefficient of private health expenditure. In essence, the total overhaul of the Nigerian health sector, so as to improve the efficiency of the sector, as well curb the incidents of fund mismanagement which has plagued the sector overtime, coupled with the intensifying of immunization programs and activities are however recommended.

scholarly journals Infant Mortality in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Does Government Health Spending Matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-73
Author(s):  
Micheal Kofi Boachie ◽  
Tatjana Põlajeva ◽  
Albert Opoku Frimpong
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The issue of whether government health spending improves health outcomes has been a matter of contention over the years. There have been calls for governments to reduce their financing role in the health sector since such funding do not produce better health. This article examines the effect of public (i.e., government) health expenditure on infant mortality, a proxy of health outcomes, in low- and middle-income countries. We use data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database and employ fixed effects estimation technique, with three-stage least squares as a robustness check. The data cover the period 1995–2014. We find that public health expenditure improves health outcomes significantly, as it reduces infant mortality. The results further show that rising income and access to safe water are some of the reasons for improved health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Based on these results and the expected redistributive impact of government spending, governments in low- and middle-income countries may consider increasing health spending for better healthcare systems and improved health.

Health Status, Government Health Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus in India: A Toda–Yamamoto Causality Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792096340
Author(s):  
Avinash Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Government Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

This article attempts to examine the causal linkage among government health expenditure, health status and economic growth in India for the period from 1981–1982 to 2015–2016. The results of Johansen co-integration test indicate that government health expenditure, health status and economic growth have long-run relationship in India. The results of Toda–Yamamoto causality test showed that there existed unidirectional causal relationship running from government health expenditure to gross domestic product—GDP (economic growth); GDP (economic growth) to life expectancy; government health expenditure to infant mortality rate and infant mortality rate to life expectancy. On the other hand, there is no evidence showing causality in any direction between infant mortality rate to GDP (economic growth) and government health expenditure to life expectancy. The study strongly confirmed that the government health expenditure has an effect on GDP (economic growth) and infant mortality rate (which depicts health status) in India. The health outcomes, namely life expectancy and infant mortality rare, reveal unidirectional causality between them. Therefore, the study concludes that policymakers and the government should pay proper attention to the health sector in order to ultimately achieve economic growth in the country.

scholarly journals Health Demand and Outcomes in Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Imran Ashraf Toor ◽  
Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Government Health ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

For the provision of better social services, the health sector has been an important part of national strategy for reducing poverty and income disparities among different income groups in Pakistan. The distribution of access to and use of health among households has been a long-standing concern among policy makers. In this study, government health expenditure is treated as a fixed factor that influences household health behaviour, conditional on such factors as household income, education, and family size. The results of the study suggest that government health expenditure is associated with higher use of both preventive and curative health services by children. The results also indicate that increased government expenditure is actually associated with lower use of health services by the children of the poor, although this negative association is generally weak. However, if increased government spending improves health care opportunities for the nonpoor more than for the poor, the total effect of government spending on the health outcomes of the poor could be less even though they have a higher marginal product of health care inputs.

scholarly journals Health Expenditure and Economic growth: An ARDL Approach for the Case of Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mehrara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Oil Revenues

This paper examines the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran for the period 1970-2007, based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The study finds a cointegrating relationship among real GDP, health expenditure, capital stock, oil revenues and education, although among them, health spending explains just a small part of the economic growth. The results indicate that while health care expenditures are among the most important factors in the lowering of infant mortality, they do not make a significant marginal contribution to the economic growth in Iran. This findings call for pressing reforms and improved allocation of resources in health sector.

Health Expenditures in Latin America 1995-2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Salgado-Vega ◽  
Fatima Y. Salgado-Naime
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Out Of Pocket Expenses ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

The authors examine the trajectory of health expenditures in Latin American countries. The authors apply standard fixed effects and dynamic models to explore the factors associated with the growth of total health expenditures as well as its main components namely, government health expenditures and out-of-pocket payments. Their results suggest that, after taking other factors into consideration, health expenditures in general do not grow faster than the Gross National Product (GNP). The authors confirm the existence of fungibility, where external aid for health reduces government health spending and out-of-pocket expenses from domestic sources. The study also finds that government health expenditure and out-of-pocket payments follow the same paths in time but vary for countries at different levels of economic development; the same is true for health expenditure growth.

scholarly journals Urbanization and Health Conditions in Nigeria: Dealing with the Urban Health Challenges

SIASAT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-203
Author(s):  
Ubong Edem Effiong ◽  
Supper Roland Okijie ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
World Health ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Organization

Health concerns arising from urbanization requires serious commitment to revamp the Nigerian health sector. In that regards, this study sought to investigate the influence of urbanization and health expenditure on life expectancy and mortality rates in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) technique was used to ascertain the influence of urbanization and government health expenditure on life expectancy and mortality rates in Nigeria. From the result of FMOLS, it was observed that urbanization exerts a positive and significant effect on life expectancy; but exerts a negative and significant effect on mortality rates. Moreover, government health expenditure generated a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, but a positive and significant effect on adult mortality. As such, the 15% recommended by the World Health Organization should be given a top priority in order to alleviate the country out of the menace of health tourism that has bedevilled the country over the years.   

scholarly journals Politics, government health expenditure and infant mortality: does political party orientation matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Alexiou ◽  
Emmanouil Trachanas
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeMotivated by the scant available evidence, this paper explores the relationship between government political party orientation and infant mortality.Design/methodology/approachA panel quantile methodology is applied to a data set that consists of 15 countries of the G20 group over the period 2000–2018. The authors control for heterogeneous parameters across countries and quantiles and obtain estimates across the different points of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable.FindingsThe findings support the hypothesis that political party orientation has a significant effect on a population health indicator such as infant mortality. The analysis suggests that, to a great extent, left-wing government parties contribute to better health outcomes – when compared to right and centre political parties – both individually as well as interacted with government health expenditure. Moreover, the impact of redistributing policies appears to be of a paramount importance in alleviating infant mortality, while more education and lower unemployment can also contribute to better health outcomes.Originality/valueThe authors explore the relationship between the nature of government political party orientation (i.e. right, centre and left) and infant mortality whilst at the same time gauging the mediating effect of party orientation via government health expenditure on infant mortality. Additional aspects of the impact of other control variables, such as income inequality, unemployment and education on infant mortality are also investigated.

Health Expenditure

2018 ◽  
pp. 268-292
Author(s):  
Jesus Salgado-Vega ◽  
Fatima Y. Salgado-Naime
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Main Components

This chapter explores the factors associated with the growth of total health expenditure, in addition to its main components, government health expenditure and out-of-pocket payments. Results suggest that health expenditure in general does not grow faster than gross national product (GNP). No difference is found in health expenditure between tax-based and insurance-based health financing mechanisms. The authors confirm the existence of fungibility, where external aid for health reduces government health spending and out-of-pocket payments from domestic sources. The study also finds that government health expenditure and out-of-pocket payments follow the same paths in time, but are different for countries at different levels of economic development and the same for health expenditure growth. In Latin American countries, the relationship between health expenditure and GNP per capita is positive; there is a quick adjustment in the short run to obtain long-run behavior.

Health Expenditure

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
Jesus Salgado-Vega ◽  
Fatima Y. Salgado-Naime
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Main Components

This chapter explores the factors associated with the growth of total health expenditure, in addition to its main components, government health expenditure and out-of-pocket payments. Results suggest that health expenditure in general does not grow faster than gross national product (GNP). No difference is found in health expenditure between tax-based and insurance-based health financing mechanisms. The authors confirm the existence of fungibility, where external aid for health reduces government health spending and out-of-pocket payments from domestic sources. The study also finds that government health expenditure and out-of-pocket payments follow the same paths in time, but are different for countries at different levels of economic development and the same for health expenditure growth. In Latin American countries, the relationship between health expenditure and GNP per capita is positive; there is a quick adjustment in the short run to obtain long-run behavior.

scholarly journals PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Adeagbo Mathew Oluwaseun
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

One of the numerous responsibilities of the government of any country is to invest in the various sectors of the economy. This should, however, be channeled to the appropriate sectors, such as the health sector, that will lead to a continual growth of the country. It is in the light of this, that this study looks at government spending on the health sector and its effect on infant mortality rate (INFM) in Nigeria. Health is central to the well-being of the citizens. This study made an attempt to provide empirical evidence of the impact of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018 using time series data. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) analytical method was used to examine the relationships. Various robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability of the result for policy makers. Findings revealed that all variables employed positively impacted INFM except for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and female literacy rate. It was therefore recommended that more public enlightenments on the importance of taking DPT immunization for infants should be embarked upon for the target audience to be able to produce a positive effect, nursing mothers should be educated more on the need to take good care of their children especially at the early stage and not leave chance to the faith of the day care, all in the name of being literate and answering the call of their job at the expense of their parental role among others.

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