COVID-19's Impact on Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria and Its Effects on the Economy

This chapter addressed Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact on tertiary institutions in Nigeria, its effect on the economy, and possible coping strategies in a time of global pandemic and national disaster. COVID-19 was reported as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, spread to several nations, forcing the closure of tertiary institutions all over the world. The effect has also disrupted the school academic calendar at tertiary institutions, decreased international education, Suspension of local and international conferences, etc. And the economy, leading to job losses, revenue loss in the informal sector, business closure, agricultural production and food insecurity, a sharp drop in oil revenues, and economic uncertainties. Which, thus, harms the economy. This chapter makes recommendations to assist Nigeria's government and the educational institutions in coping with the effect of the outbreak and similar pandemics soon.

Impact of Oil Revenue Spending on Income Distribution: the Case of Azerbaijan

This paper examines the impact of the oil factor on income distribution in a resource-rich country, Azerbaijan. Since the early 2000s, the rapid increase in oil revenuesh as been used for the economic and social development in the country. The increased revenues from oil sales has led to a sharp increase in the share of the top 10% of the population in total income, the stabilization of the share of the lowest 10%, and a significant decline in the share of the middle layer. The widespread use of oil revenues has played a leading role in the formation of new structural features in social stratification. In addition to the sharp decline in extreme poverty in the country, the layer with a higher income has emerged. At the same time, increasing oil revenues has not given a strong impetus to the formation of a prosperous middle layer. This paper also demonstrates that the solution of the income inequality problem is related to improving the quality of institutions, enhancement strategies for the use of oil revenues in the short and long terms, as well as ensuring the consistent implementation of an active diversification policy.

Measuring the Impact of Oil Revenues on the Level of Public Expenditures for the Iraqi Economy for the Period from (2004-2019)

Oil-producing countries depend on oil revenues mainly to finance their public budgets and thus influence Directly on the public spending process and according to economic logic, the financial abundance leads to an increase in public spending. And that's what A detailed event in the Iraqi economy during the years of explosive budgets for the years 2012 and 2013 due to high prices Oil has reached unprecedented levels. The process of public spending did not focus on the investment side, which would The economy and the various sectors developed, as they focused only on recreational and consumer activities, which led to the loss of an opportunity Financial abundance and the lack of impediment to the advancement of the Iraqi economy. The research focuses on the variables of oil revenues and public spending and the close relationship that exists between them. The quarterly data was taken, which is more accurate than the annual data, and the sample consisted of 66. Watching from 2004 to 2019. The series was subjected to silence tests for the two mentioned variables, and it was found that they did not They settle at the level and are stabilized when taking the first difference and after doing the graph test and proceeding to complete the rest the exams . An autoregressive ARDL method was selected, and the appropriate model was selected. For each of the oil revenues and public spending, and regarding the integration parameter, it was negative and significant, as well as the limits test that He indicated the possibility of long-term interpretation that the coefficients of the variables were significant, as the percentages of significance ranged between 1%, 5%, and . 10% of the sequence. The model was subjected to a dimensional test, which confirmed the integrity of the model from standard problems and the statistical as a test of autocorrelation of the residuals and the result was not significant. As well as the test for instability of homogeneity of variance, which is The other is immaterial.

الاقتصاد العراقي ما بعد عام 2003 التحديات والمعالجات

Iraq faces great challenges, the most important of which are terrorism, economic corruption, and the rentier economy. The countries have disintegrated and collapsed after 2003 after the US occupation and the change of the previous political regime. The Iraqi economy has faced rampant corruption in various economic sectors, economic mafias, and the inability of successive Iraqi governments to address the imbalances in the Iraqi economy, and then terrorist organizations spread. Conflicts, destruction, displacement, and large financial spending on military operations and on fictitious and unproductive projects began since 2003 until Iraq’s victory over terrorism, which destroyed the country and the people, especially the Western regions of Iraq. Accordingly, the start of comprehensive economic reform, while limiting the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption in the joints of the economic sectors in Iraq, and the reconstruction of cities and areas liberated from terrorist gangs, as well as developing appropriate plans and strategies to enhance the economy’s ability to advance the deteriorating reality and depends mainly on oil revenues. , and this needs to expedite the development of solutions and treatments to advance the economic reality, through diversifying the Iraqi economy in order to increase and diversify exports, reduce imports to provide hard currencies derived from oil revenues, encourage foreign investments in various economic sectors, and build adequate housing for the majority of the Iraqi people who suffer From economic corruption, terrorist operations, and building an economy that depends primarily on local natural and human resources.

تحليل مسار الاصلاح الاقتصادي و معوقاته في اقليم كردستان- العراق

The research aims to diagnose the obstacles that hinder the implementation of the economic reform program in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, with reference to the reasons for the failure of previous economic reform programs in the region, and to indicate the extent of citizens’ confidence in implementing the economic reform in the region, as well as evaluating the economic reform law of the new government for the year 2020. The research reached a set of results, including: 1- There is no time limit for implementing the economic reform process. 2- Efficient and specialized cadres in the field of economic reform were not relied upon when forming committees to implement economic reform decisions. 3- The absence of a monitoring committee to implement economic reform decisions. 4- The project did not extend to the national domain, and receded within the partisan domain. 5- Weak desire for real economic reforms on the part of the ruling parties. 6- The previous economic reforms project did not include all governorates in the Kurdistan Region, but was reduced to the governorates of Erbil and Dohuk. The research concluded by presenting a number of proposals, including: 1- It is the responsibility of the regional government to deposit all revenues, whether oil or non-oil revenues, in the banks affiliated with the Ministry of Finance and Economy. 2- Distributing a share (petro dollars) of the revenues of the Ministry of Natural Resources to the oil and gas producing areas, with the aim of enhancing services provided to citizens and raising the standard of living for the residents of these areas. 3- Activating the role of the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission in the Kurdistan Region. 4- Develop comprehensive planning for the development of all oil fields in a fair manner, without giving preference to the region over other regions

Expected economic impacts of income tax in Saudi Arabia: Macroeconomic analysis: الآثار الاقتصادية المتوقعة لضريبة الدخل في المملكة العربية السعودية: دراسة تحليلية للاقتصاد الكلي

The study aims to predict the macroeconomic effects of income tax in Saudi Arabia to diversify government income flows and increase non-oil government revenues. The research approach is based on using the dynamic general equilibrium model of the Saudi economy to achieve the results of simulating the scenario of applying income tax by 5% during the period (2020-2030). The results exhibit that income and profit tax reform showed positive results when transferring revenue through government transfers to households. A 5% income and profit tax are expected to improve GDP performance by 0.12%. Macroeconomic indicators, including consumption, investment, exports, and imports, are also improving slightly. Government revenues have enhanced due to the implementation of this scenario, and non-oil revenues are expected to increase from 370 billion Saudi riyals in 2020 to about 568 billion Saudi riyals in 2030. This will increase the contribution of non-oil revenues to total government revenues from 47% in 2020 to 57% in 2030. If income from income tax in the economy is transferred through government transfers to households, this will improve economic welfare.

Planning Oil Revenues and Their Role in Economic Growth in Iraq

Planning is an important means that contributes to achieving economic growth by raising the contribution of the non-oil productive sectors to the gross domestic product, as planning has become an urgent necessity, especially for oil economies that suffer from a weak production base due to the heavy dependence on oil, which is a depleted resource and is characterized by many fluctuations in Its prices in the world oil markets. Given that Iraq is one of the economies that the oil sector dominated its gross domestic product and affected its economic performance, despite its possession of many natural capabilities, human resources and various economic components. Therefore, an effective planning policy must be adopted to use this product and diversify the production base in order to achieve economic growth and stand up to external shocks.

Requirement and Architecture of Organization Development

Traditionally, Iran was looking for development and either in era of oil revenues or before that, it has always faced serious mismatches in realization of plans. The results of studying activities in developmental organizations show that most of the activities in IRANIAN organizations are providing non-financial sources, assisting the technology development, and developing concentrated investment. In this research, we will review organization development types and factors that impact this, especially in IRANIAN organizations. Also, in this study, we evaluate the relation between civil development companies and export development companies. companies and export development companies.