scholarly journals Health Demand and Outcomes in Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Imran Ashraf Toor ◽  
Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Government Health ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

For the provision of better social services, the health sector has been an important part of national strategy for reducing poverty and income disparities among different income groups in Pakistan. The distribution of access to and use of health among households has been a long-standing concern among policy makers. In this study, government health expenditure is treated as a fixed factor that influences household health behaviour, conditional on such factors as household income, education, and family size. The results of the study suggest that government health expenditure is associated with higher use of both preventive and curative health services by children. The results also indicate that increased government expenditure is actually associated with lower use of health services by the children of the poor, although this negative association is generally weak. However, if increased government spending improves health care opportunities for the nonpoor more than for the poor, the total effect of government spending on the health outcomes of the poor could be less even though they have a higher marginal product of health care inputs.

scholarly journals What level of domestic government health expenditure should we aspire to for universal health coverage?

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Mcintyre ◽  
Filip Meheus ◽  
John-Arne Røttingen
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Universal Health

AbstractGlobal discussions on universal health coverage (UHC) have focussed attention on the need for increased government funding for health care in many low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this paper is to explore potential targets for government spending on health to progress towards UHC. An explicit target for government expenditure on health care relative to gross domestic product (GDP) is a potentially powerful tool for holding governments to account in progressing to UHC, particularly in the context of UHC’s inclusion in the Sustainable Development Goals. It is likely to be more influential than the Abuja target, which requires decreases in budget allocations to other sectors and is opposed by finance ministries for undermining their autonomy in making sectoral budget allocation decisions. International Monetary Fund and World Health Organisation data sets were used to analyse the relationship between government health expenditure and proxy indicators for the UHC goals of financial protection and access to quality health care, and triangulated with available country case studies estimating the resource requirements for a universal health system. Our analyses point towards a target of government spending on health of at least 5% of GDP for progressing towards UHC. This can be supplemented by a per capita target of $86 to promote universal access to primary care services in low-income countries.

scholarly journals The Role of Institutional Quality in Health Expenditure-Labour Force Participation Nexus in Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaide Sekinat Opeloyeru ◽  
Temitope Olanike Faronbi ◽  
Isiaka Akande Raifu
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

Abstract The study investigated the role of institutional quality in the relationship between health expenditure and labour force participation (LFP) in Africa, taking into consideration two forms of health expenditures (government health expenditure (GHE) and out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOPHE)) and gender labour force participation dichotomy. We employed data of 39 African countries for the period between 2000 and 2018 using Panel Fixed Effects with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors and two-stage System Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The results revealed that government health expenditure yields an increasing effect on total, female, and male LFP. OOPHE, in most cases, leads to a decline in LFP. The institutional quality was found to be detrimental to LFP. The magnitude of the positive effect of government health expenditure on LFP is reduced by the interaction of institutional quality with government expenditure. In conclusion, we advocate for the improvement in institutional apparatuses across African countries. JEI CODE: E62; H51; J21; O43

Economic Evaluation of Health Programs – Health Expenditures in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Kremastioti ◽  
Athanasios Anastasiou ◽  
Panagiotis Liargovas ◽  
Dimitrios Komninos ◽  
Zacharias Dermatis
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Explanatory Variables

Abstract Health Care is a sensitive issue that concerns not only the individual but also society in general. Health economics are a specialization of the economists in the health sector who aim for the proper function of hospital administration. It deals with issues related to the financing and delivery of health services and the role of such services and other personal decisions in contributing to personal health. Many researches refer to the problems that each health unit faces, emphasizing on the resources, programs and health expenditure. Some of these programs, especially the most effective, are mentioned in this research. Their creation was based on the best quality of health services in all OECD countries. With this research, we aim to develop a methodological framework for evaluating the total health expenditure (consists of all expenditures or outlays for medical care, prevention, promotion, rehabilitation, community health activities, health administration and regulation and capital formation with the predominant objective of improving health) in the 23 OECD countries, by creating a panel data regression and analyzing the results, from 2000 to 2014. For this reason, some of the most important variables (macroeconomic and related to the health sector), were used as tools to assess the performance of each country, as far as the resources and the expenditure for the health care are concerned. Every explanatory variable that was used in this sample, but also the combination of a number of these explanatory variables showed a positive correlation with total expenditures as a percentage of GDP in the majority of the equations. Some variables showed a negative correlation with total health expenditures, which doesn’t fit with the economic theory. Financial crisis is the reason for this.

scholarly journals Urbanization and Health Conditions in Nigeria: Dealing with the Urban Health Challenges

SIASAT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-203
Author(s):  
Ubong Edem Effiong ◽  
Supper Roland Okijie ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
World Health ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Organization

Health concerns arising from urbanization requires serious commitment to revamp the Nigerian health sector. In that regards, this study sought to investigate the influence of urbanization and health expenditure on life expectancy and mortality rates in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) technique was used to ascertain the influence of urbanization and government health expenditure on life expectancy and mortality rates in Nigeria. From the result of FMOLS, it was observed that urbanization exerts a positive and significant effect on life expectancy; but exerts a negative and significant effect on mortality rates. Moreover, government health expenditure generated a negative and significant effect on life expectancy, but a positive and significant effect on adult mortality. As such, the 15% recommended by the World Health Organization should be given a top priority in order to alleviate the country out of the menace of health tourism that has bedevilled the country over the years.   

scholarly journals Does Government Spending in Health, Education, and Military Improve Welfare in Asian Developing Countries?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Wiksadana Wiksadana ◽  
Estro Dariatno Sihaloho
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Asian Developing Countries

The study of government expenditure is essential for economists and policymakers. This study aims to analyze the impact of various government spending, mainly on education, health, and military, on the effect of welfare on Asian Countries. This study was conducted in 20 Asian countries constructed on panel data from 2013–2017 and is analyzed using the fixed effect general least square (FEGLS) method. The results show that, government spending in health, military, and education had a positive and significant effect on Asian Countries' welfare. This research concludes that, the government health expenditure had the highest impact on welfare, followed by education and military spending.

scholarly journals Trends in Australian government health expenditure by age: a fiscal incidence analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Tapper ◽  
John Phillimore
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Community Health Services ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

Objective Australian government health expenditure per capita has grown steadily across the past few decades, but little is known about trends in the age distribution of health expenditure. Methods In this paper, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) fiscal incidence studies, which track expenditure at the household level between 1984 and 2010, are used to shed light on this topic. Results The main finding was that spending has shifted focus from the younger half to the older half of the population. This shift is evident in three areas: (1) acute care (hospitals); (2) community health services (doctors); and (3) pharmaceuticals. Together, these areas account for approximately 88% of expenditure. The trend is independent of demographic aging. It is unlikely to reflect changes in population health. Its explanation is open to debate. Conclusions Growth in expenditure per household has been more than threefold faster for elderly than young households. Across this period, expenditure per household per week has increased by 51% for the young, by 79% for the middle aged and by 179% for the elderly. This age-related growth is most prominent in expenditure on acute care, community health services and pharmaceuticals. What is known about the topic? The Productivity Commission has published figures that relate age and Australian heath expenditure. However, there has been no published study of age-related trends in Australian health expenditure. What does this paper add? In addition to tracking age-related trends across 26 years, this paper adds a breakdown of those trends into four categories of expenditure, namely acute care, community health services, pharmaceutical benefits, and other. This breakdown shows that the trends vary by expenditure type. What are the implications for practitioners? The paper shows that forward projections in health expenditure need to take into account age-related trends as well as demographic trends.

scholarly journals Infant Mortality and Public Health Expenditure in Nigeria: Empirical Explanation of the Nexus

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Joseph David
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

Abstract This study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and Granger causality technique to empirically examines the nature of relationship between infant mortality and public expenditure on health in Nigeria from 1980 – 2016. In addition, the study considers the roles of immunization, private health expenditure and external health resources on infant mortality in Nigeria. Among other things, the empirical results indicate the presence of significant conintegrating (long-run) relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure (and private health expenditure, immunization and external health resources), coupled with the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure. In addition, the results also demonstrate that, government health expenditure, private health expenditure, immunization, and external health resources significantly influence infant mortality negatively both in the long and short term. Although, private health spending is shown as the major determinant of the reduction of infant mortality rate in Nigeria, due to the size of the coefficient of private health expenditure. In essence, the total overhaul of the Nigerian health sector, so as to improve the efficiency of the sector, as well curb the incidents of fund mismanagement which has plagued the sector overtime, coupled with the intensifying of immunization programs and activities are however recommended.

scholarly journals How West African countries prioritize health

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi ◽  
Aishat Alaran ◽  
Abubakar Badmos ◽  
Adeola Oluwaseyi Bamisaiye ◽  
Nzeribe Emmanuella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
West African ◽  
Priority Index ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Health Priority ◽  
General Government ◽  
Government Health Expenditure ◽  
Average Health

Abstract Background The goal of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure that everyone is able to obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship. UHC remains a mirage if government health expenditure is not improved. Health priority refers to general government health expenditure as a percentage of general government expenditure. It indicates the priority of the government to spend on healthcare from its domestic public resources. Our study aimed to assess health priorities in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) using the health priority index from the WHO’s Global Health Expenditure Database. Method We extracted and analysed data on health priority in the WHO’s Global Health Expenditure Database across the 15 members of the ECOWAS (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo) from 2010 to 2018 to assess how these countries prioritize health. The data are presented using descriptive statistics. Results Our findings revealed that no West African country beats the cutoff of a minimum of 15% health priority index. Ghana (8.43%), Carbo Verde (8.29%), and Burkina Faso (7.60%) were the top three countries with the highest average health priority index, while Guinea (3.05%), Liberia (3.46%), and Guinea-Bissau (3.56%) had the lowest average health priority in the West African region within the period of our analysis (2010 to 2018). Conclusion Our study reiterates the need for West African governments and other relevant stakeholders to prioritize health in their political agenda towards achieving UHC.

scholarly journals EFISIENSI TEKNIS ANGGARAN BELANJA SEKTOR KESEHATAN PROPINSI JAWA BARAT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristyasani Putri
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
West Java ◽  
Health Budget ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Community Budget

The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency of government spending in the health sector of West Java province in improving public health as measured by indicators of health status that is Infant Mortality Rate, Mother Mortality Rate, and Life Expectancy Rate in all regencies / cities in West Java Province. DEA method used to achieve these goals. DEA works with measures to identify the units to be evaluated, the input and output of the unit. Furthermore, the calculated value of productivity and identify the unit which does not use inputs efficiently or effectively produces no output. Research indicates that although every region in the province of West Java there is an increase in the health budget annually will produce additional output (facilities and health services) are few and have not been up to meet basic health needs for the community. Budget areas that have not been efficient is because of Rp. 421.8 billion total health budget of the province of West Java is not entirely used for the procurement of facilities and health services. Only 50% of it is Rp. 213 billion to be used one of them in the provision of health facilities and servicesDOI: 10.15408/sjie.v4i2.2302

scholarly journals The health response to the Rohingya refugee crisis post August 2017: Reflections from two years of health sector coordination in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253013
Author(s):  
Rosanna Jeffries ◽  
Hassan Abdi ◽  
Mohammad Ali ◽  
Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan ◽  
Mohamed El Shazly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Working Groups

On August 25 2017, an unprecedented influx of Rohingya refugees began from Rakhine State in Myanmar into Bangladesh’s district of Cox’s Bazar. The scale and acuteness of this humanitarian crisis was unprecedented and unique globally, requiring strong coordination of a multitude of actors. This paper reflects on the health sector coordination from August 2017 to October 2019, focusing on selected achievements and persisting challenges of the health sector strategic advisory group (HSSAG), and the health sector working groups including epidemiology and case management, sexual and reproductive health, community health, mental health and psychosocial support, and emergency preparedness. In the early days of the response, minimum service standards for primary health care were established, a fundamental initial step which enabled the standardization of services based on critical needs. Similarly, establishing standards for community health outreach was the backbone for capitalizing on this important health workforce. Novel approaches were adopted for infectious disease responses for acute watery diarrhoea and varicella, drawing on inter-sectoral collaborations. Sexual and reproductive health services were prioritized from the initial onset of the crisis and improvements in skilled delivery attendance, gender-based violence services, abortion care and family planning were recorded. Mental health service provision was strengthened through community-based approaches although integration of mental health programmes into primary health care has been limited by availability of specialist psychiatrists. Strong, collaborative and legitimate leadership by the health sector strategic advisory group, drawing on inter-sectoral collaborations and the technical expertise of the different technical working groups, were critical in the response and proved effective, despite the remaining challenges to be addressed. Anticipated reductions in funding as the crisis moves into protracted status threatens the achievements of the health sector in provision of health services to the Rohingya refugees.

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