scholarly journals The Right to Privacy and Private Detective Activities in Lithuania

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Bilius
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Private Detective ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Private detectives have been providing their services in Lithuania for about a decade; however, only now has the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania started to discuss whether it is expedient and necessary to regulate the activities of private detectives by means of a separate law. One of the goals of a separate legal regulation of private detective activities is the protection of human rights, particularly the right to privacy. This article examines the provisions of national and international legislative acts related to the private life of a person, and assesses the opportunities of a private detective to provide private detective services without prejudice to the provisions of applicable legislative acts. The article concludes that a private detective is not an authorized (public) authority and there is no possibility to assess in each case whether the interests of a person using the services of private detectives are more important than those of other persons, which would allow for violating their rights to private life. The limits of an individual’s right to privacy can only be narrowed by a particular person, giving consent to making public the details of his/her private life. It is the only opportunity for a private detective to gather information related to the private life of a citizen. Currently applicable legislative acts in Lithuania do not provide for opportunities for private subjects to collect personal data without that person’s consent. This right is granted only to public authorities and with the court’s permission

scholarly journals Granice ingerencji w prawo do prywatności w procesie zwalczania przestępczości oraz zapobiegania jej skutkom

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Erwin Ryter ◽  
Justyna Ryter
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right

In their article, Erwin Ryter and Justyna Ryter make an attempt to answer the following questions: What may be the farthest limit of tolerance towards public authorities’ interference with a person’s right to privacy in the context of fight against crime as well as the performance of necessary and purposeful procedural actions? Can both the procedural objective and the fact of the violation of the right to privacy of the suspect justify direct or indirect interference with the privacy of persons from the suspect’s social environment, even if that interference is a side effect of actions taken against the offender? The authors of this article also raise the issue of privacy violations in relation to various forms of monitoring of persons who are of interest to the authorities conducting the proceedings. In particular, these proceedings may involve keeping various types of registers containing the data of offender, using classified eavesdropping on them, observing their whereabouts, and disclosing their personal data.

scholarly journals The Right to Privacy and Data Protection in the Information Age

2020 ◽  
pp. 1576-1589
Author(s):  
Tigran D. Oganesian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
User Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mass Surveillance

The article considers the legality of mass surveillance and protection of personal data in the context of the international human rights law and the right to respect for private life. Special attention is paid to the protection of data on the Internet, where the personal data of billions of people are stored. The author emphasizes that mass surveillance and technology that allows the storage and processing of the data of millions of people pose a serious threat to the right to privacy guaranteed by Article 8 of the ECHR of 1950. Few companies comply with the human rights principles in their operations by providing user data in response to requests from public services. In this regard, States must prove that any interference with the personal integrity of an individual is necessary and proportionate to address a particular security threat. Mandatory data storage, where telephone companies and Internet service providers are required to store metadata about their users’ communications for subsequent access by the law enforcement and intelligence agencies, is neither necessary nor proportionate. The author analyses the legislation of some countries in the field of personal data protection, as well as examples from practice. Practice in many States is evidence of the lack of adequate national legislation and enforcement, weak procedural safeguards and ineffective oversight, which contributes to widespread impunity for arbitrary or unlawful interference with the right to privacy. In conclusion, we propose a number of measures aimed at improving the level of personal data protection in accordance with the international standards. In order to provide guarantees and a minimum level of adequate data protection in the face of new challenges to human rights in an ever-changing digital environment, the author proposes to solve a number of pressing issues. Firstly, States should not have the right to ask companies for and have absolute access to user data without a court order. Secondly, the process of sending a request and receiving data from a telecommunications company should be regulated in detail and transparent. The availability of specialized judges with technical expertise shall be valuable

scholarly journals The constitutional right to the confidentiality of listening, telephone conversation, telegraph and other correspondence of separate categories of persons

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Mikhnevych
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Telephone Conversation ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right

The right to the confidentiality of listening, telephone conversation, telegraph and other correspondence of separate categories ofpersons is researched in the article. It is establishes that despite all legal guarantees, the right to the confidentiality of correspondenceis provided differently for separate categories of persons. The least secure of this right are those sentenced to imprisonment, and peop -le’s deputies, lawyers and other persons in respect of which a special procedure of criminal proceedings is carried out have the highestimmunity from illegal or arbitrary interference with the right to confidentiality of correspondence. Two scientific concepts of understandingthe right to the confidentiality of correspondence are characterized. The so-called “personal” concept, which considers thisright as a component of the right to privacy and family life, and the second concept justifies the independence of this right, the contentand purpose of which is broader than the protection of privacy. The perception of the right to confidentiality of correspondence in thecontext of the right to private and family life is common. It is substantiated that the “personal” concept is characterized by the connectionbetween the right to confidentiality of correspondence and the right to private and family life, as well as the consideration of theright to confidentiality of correspondence as a separate element of the right to privacy. Instead, the second concept considers the rightto confidentiality of correspondence as an independent right that has a relative connection with the sphere of private life and is a separatepersonal human right. It is noted that the Constitutional of Ukraine derives the right to confidentiality of correspondence in a separatearticle from the inviolability of private and family life, which leads to the conclusion that it is inexpediency to narrow the right toconfidentiality of listening, telephone conversation, telegraph and other correspondence only in privacy or family life.An analysis of the latest normative changes in the legal regulation of ensuring the right to confidentiality of correspondence inUkraine of separate categories of persons, in particular on the restriction of the right to convicted and higher guarantees of the right toconfidentiality of correspondence of deputies of Ukraine, are committed.

scholarly journals OCHRONA DANYCH OSOBOWYCH JAKO ELEMENT PRAWA DO PRYWATNOŚCI

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Paweł Sobczyk
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

Personal Data Protection as Part of the Right to PrivacySummaryThe issues related to the right to privacy and personal data protection are a new important area for the constitutional studies in Poland. Their emergence owes much to the development of information technology and the adjustment of Polish law, including constitutional law, to international standards. Under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, personal protection is seen as part of the right to privacy. The following issues have become the subject of the academic research: the constitutionalization of personal data protection, constitutional rights of identifiable persons, the relation of personal data and the right to privacy, the democratic state under the rule of law as the guarantor of the right to privacy and personal data protection, as well as human dignity as the basis of this right.

scholarly journals REFORMS IN THE COMMUNICATIONS MONITORING SYSTEM AS A PRECONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509-1514
Author(s):  
Biljana Karovska-Andonovska ◽  
Zoran Jovanovski
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The reforms in the communications monitoring system as part of the wider reform of the security services in the Republic of Macedonia, resulted with creation of a package of several laws whose adoption was supposed to provide the legislative basis for a system that would really work in accordance with the goals for which it was established. The communications monitoring system should provide a balanced protection of the right to security, on the one hand, and the right to privacy, on the other. Only on that way a priori primacy of the right to security over the right to privacy will it be disabled. Hence, the reforms in communications monitoring system are a precondition for the effective protection, primarily for the right to privacy and the secrecy of communications, but also for the right to personal data protection, the inviolability of the home as well as for the right to presumption of innocence. It is a complex and delicate matter where opening of a real debate through which the present deficiencies will be perceived in order to create an appropriate legal solutions was very important. However, the new Law on Interception of Communications as the most important in this area, retained a certain part of the provisions that were debatable in the previous legal solutions. The provisions regarding the model for interception of communications, which stipulates the establishment of a separate agency that mediates between the operators and the authorized bodies for interception of communications, were questionable as well. Also, new measures for monitoring communications in the interest of security and defense, as well as the provisions which regulate the disposition and delivery of metadata for security and defense, are also debatable. On the other side, the reform laws made an evident progress in a positive sense through the provisions for oversight and control over the interception of communications. With these changes, certain debatable elements have been overcome, especially those that have hindered it so far, and in some cases completely paralyzed the oversight and control over the monitoring of communications. In this paper we analyzed the debatable elements in the reform package of laws on interception of communications as well as some positive aspects contained in the provisions of the reform laws.

scholarly journals Personas datu aizsardzības mērķis un tiesiskā regulējuma vēsturiskā attīstība

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Agnese Reine-Vītiņa
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Mūsdienās tiesības uz privāto dzīvi nepieciešamas ikvienā demokrātiskā sabiedrībā, un šo tiesību iekļaušana konstitūcijā juridiski garantē fiziskas personas rīcības brīvību un vienlaikus arī citu – valsts pamatlikumā noteikto – cilvēka tiesību īstenošanu [5]. Personas datu aizsardzības institūts tika izveidots, izpratnes par tiesību uz personas privātās dzīves neaizskaramību saturu paplašinot 20. gadsimta 70. gados, kad vairāku Eiropas valstu valdības uzsāka informācijas apstrādes projektus, piemēram, tautas skaitīšanu u. c. Informācijas tehnoloģiju attīstība ļāva arvien vairāk informācijas par personām glabāt un apstrādāt elektroniski. Viena no tiesību problēmām bija informācijas vākšana par fizisku personu un tiesību uz privātās dzīves neaizskaramību ievērošana. Lai nodrošinātu privātās dzīves aizsardzību, atsevišķas Eiropas valstis pēc savas iniciatīvas pieņēma likumus par datu aizsardzību. Pirmie likumi par personas datu aizsardzību Eiropā tika pieņemti Vācijas Federatīvajā Republikā, tad Zviedrijā (1973), Norvēģijā (1978) un citur [8, 10]. Ne visas valstis pieņēma likumus par datu aizsardzību vienlaikus, tāpēc Eiropas Padome nolēma izstrādāt konvenciju, lai unificētu datu aizsardzības noteikumus un principus. Nowadays, the right to privacy is indispensable in every democratic society and inclusion of such rights in the constitution, guarantees legally freedom of action of a natural person and, simultaneously, implementation of other human rights established in the fundamental law of the state. The institute of personal data protection was established by expanding the understanding of the content of the right to privacy in the 70’s of the 19th century, when the government of several European countries initiated information processing projects, such as population census etc. For the development of information technology, more and more information on persons was kept and processed in electronic form. One of the legal problems was gathering of information on natural persons and the right to privacy. In order to ensure the protection of privacy, separate European countries, on their own initiative, established a law on data protection. The first laws on the protection of personal data in Europe were established in the Federal Republic of Germany, then in Sweden (1973), Norway (1978) and elsewhere. Not all countries adopted laws on data protection at the same time, so the Council of Europe decided to elaborate a convention to unify data protection rules and principles.

The Impact of New Technologıes on Human Rıghts ın the Context of the Rıght to be Forgotten and the Rıght to Prıvacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
GULNAZ AYDIN RZAYEVA ◽  
AYTAKIN NAZIM IBRAHIMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Right To Be Forgotten ◽  
Internet Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The development of new technologies also has an impact on human rights. In the previous “epochs” of global information society, it was stated that that traditional rights can be exercised online. For instance, in 2012 (and again in 2014 and 2016), the UN Human Rights Council emphasized that ‘the same rights granted to people, so to speak, in an “offline” manner, must be protected online as well’. This, in its turn, implicitly brought to the reality that the new technetronic society did not create new rights. Though, we should take into consideration that in the digital world national legislative norms that guarantee the confidentiality of personal data often do not catch up with the technological development and, thus, can’t ensure confidentiality online. Therefore, the impact of digitalization on human rights within the frames of international and national laws should be broadly analysed and studied. The article’s objective is to analyze the impact of new technologies on human rights in the context of the right to be forgotten and right to privacy. Because the development of new technologies is more closely linked to the security of personal data. With the formation of the right to be forgotten, it is the issue of ensuring the confidentiality of certain contents of personal data as a result of the influence of the time factor. The authors conclude that, the right to be forgotten was previously defended more in the context of the right to privacy. However, they cannot be considered equal rights. The right to be forgotten stems from a person’s desire to develop and continue his or her life independently without being the object of criticism for any negative actions he or she has committed in the past. If the right to privacy contains generally confidential information, the right to be forgotten is understood as the deletion of known information at a certain time and the denial of access to third parties. Thus, the right to be forgotten is not included in the right to privacy, and can be considered an independent right. The point is that the norms of the international and national documents, which establish fundamental human rights and freedoms, do not regulate issues related to the right to be forgotten. The right to be forgotten should be limited to the deletion of information from the media and Internet information resources. This is not about the complete destruction of information available in state information systems. Another conclusion of authors is that the media and Internet information resources sometimes spread false information. In this case, there will be no content of the right to be forgotten. Because the main thing is that the information that constitutes the content of the right to be forgotten must be legal, but after some time it has lost its significance. The scope of information included in the content of the right to be forgotten should not only be related to the conviction, but also to other special personal data (for example, the fact of divorce).

La protección constitucional de los derechos a la intimidad y a la propia imagen en las relaciones laborales: una visión desde la jurisprudencia constitucional

2014 ◽  
pp. 2121-2143
Author(s):  
Luis Javier MIERES MIERES
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Free Development ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence

LABURPENA: Lan-harremanen arloan funtsezkoa den intimitatearen eskubidea babesteak jurisprudentzia konstituzional zabala eta aberatsa eragin du. Intimitate-eskubideak babesten duen eremuaren baitan, intimitatearen zentzu sendoa (edo gizarteak onartzen duena) eta zentzu ahula dago (intimitate subjektiboa). Biak ala biak proiektatzen dira lan-prestazioan, enpresen zaintza-eta kontrol-ahalmenak mugatuz, eta proportzionaltasunaren printzipioa betearaziz. EKaren 18.1 artikuluak ez du babesten bizitza pribatuaren askatasuna esan ahal zaiona, baina jurisprudentzia konstituzionalak hainbat teknikaren bidez babesten ditu langileen nortasunaren garapen librearen zenbait alderdi, zuzenean bizitza pribatuarekin lotuak. RESUMEN: La protección del derecho fundamental a la intimidad en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales ha dado lugar a una amplia y rica jurisprudencia constitucional. Dentro del ámbito protegido por el derecho a la intimidad cabe distinguir entre intimidad en sentido fuerte (o intimidad socialmente reconocida) y en sentido débil (intimidad subjetivamente reservada). Ambas manifestaciones del derecho se proyectan sobre el desarrollo de la prestación laboral imponiendo límites a los poderes empresariales de vigilancia y control, cuyo ejercicio debe ajustarse al principio de proporcional. Aunque el artículo 18.1 CE no protege lo que puede denominarse la libertad de la vida privada, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha articulado distintas técnicas a fin de amparar ciertas manifestaciones del libre desarrollo de la personalidad de los trabajadores directamente vinculadas con la vida privada. ABSTRACT: The protection of the fundamental right to privacy in the area of the work relations has caused a rich and wide-ranging constitutional jurisprudence. In the protected area for the right to privacy, it can be distinguished among a hard privacy (or socially recognized privacy) and a weak privacy (privacy subjectively reserved). Both manifestations of the right to privacy are projected on the workplace and they limit the entrepreneurial powers of surveillance and control, the exercise of which it has to fit the principle of proportionality. Although article 18.1 CE does not protect what can be denominated the freedom of the private life, the constitutional jurisprudence has articulated different techniques in order to protect certain manifestations of the free development of the personality of theworkers directly linked to the private life.

CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONAL DATA IN RELATION TO PERSONS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Анастасия Юрьевна Сивцова
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Detention Centers ◽  
Sexual Identification ◽  
The Right ◽  
Statutory Regulation

В статье приводится анализ источников, регламентирующих процесс регламентации персональных данных, анализ норм российских нормативных правовых актов, закрепляющих основные права человека и гражданина, основные конституционные права осужденных на жизнь, здоровье. Автором поясняются некоторые аспекты нормативного регулирования понятия «персональные данные осужденных», право на личную жизнь. На основе научного анализа мнений ученых-юристов автором выстраивается логическая цепочка нормативного регламентирования заявленных дефиниций. В ключевом выводе по данной работе автором дается определение категории информации в следующей трактовке: персональные данные в отношении лиц, содержащихся в следственных изоляторах и осужденных к лишению свободы, - любая информация, относящаяся к прямо или косвенно определенному или определяемому подозреваемому, обвиняемому или осужденному, включающая в себя сведения о частной жизни, связях с родственниками и друзьями, пристрастиях, половой идентификации и предпочтениях, социальном и финансовом положении, о взглядах и убеждениях, о состоянии здоровья, в том числе совокупность информации, способная привести к идентификации осужденного. Предлагается авторская классификация персональных данных специальных субъектов. The article provides an analysis of the sources that regulate the process of regulating personal data, an analysis of the norms of Russian normative legal acts that reflect the basic human and civil rights, the basic constitutional rights of convicts to life and health. The author explains some aspects of the statutory regulation of the concept of "personal data of convicts", the right to privacy. Based on the scientific analysis of the opinions of legal scholars, the author builds a logical chain of statutory regulation of the stated definitions. In the key conclusion of this work, the author defines the category of information in the following interpretation: personal data in relation to persons held in pre-trial detention centers and sentenced to imprisonment - any information related directly or indirectly to a certain or identifiable person, suspect, accused or convicted person, including information about private life, relationships with relatives and friends, addictions, sexual identification and preferences, social and financial status, views and beliefs, health status, including a set of information that can lead to the identification of the convicted person. The author's classification of personal data of special subjects is proposed.

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