scholarly journals Somatotype Variables Related to Muscle Torque and Power in Judoists

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Lewandowska ◽  
Krzysztof Buśko ◽  
Anna Pastuszak ◽  
Katarzyna Boguszewska
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Muscle Torque ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Static Conditions

Somatotype Variables Related to Muscle Torque and Power in Judoists The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between somatotype, muscle torque and power output in judoists. Thirteen judoists (age 18.4±3.1 years, body height 178.6±8.2 cm, body mass 82.3±15.9 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Somatotype was determined using the Heath-Carter method. Maximal muscle torques of elbow, shoulder, knee, hip and trunk flexors as well as extensors were measured under static conditions. Power outputs were measured in 5 maximal cycle ergometer exercise bouts, 10 s each, at increasing external loads equal to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5% of body weight. The Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between all parameters. The mean somatotype of judoists was: 3.5-5.9-1.8 (values for endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, respectively). The values (mean±SD) of sum of muscle torque of ten muscle groups (TOTAL) was 3702.2±862.9 N × m. The power output ranged from 393.2±79.4 to 1077.2±275.4 W. The values of sum of muscle torque of right and left upper extremities (SUE), sum of muscle torque of right and left lower extremities (SLE), sum of muscle torque of the trunk (ST) and TOTAL were significantly correlated with the mesomorphic component (0.68, 0.80, 0.71 and 0.78, respectively). The ectomorphic component correlated significantly with values of SUE, SLE, ST and TOTAL (-0.69, -0.81, -0.71 and -0.79, respectively). Power output was also strongly correlated with both mesomorphy (positively) and ectomorphy (negatively). The results indicated that the values of mesomorphic and ectomorphic somatotype components influence muscle torque and power output, thus body build could be an important factor affecting results in judo.

O2 uptake kinetics and the O2 deficit as related to exercise intensity and blood lactate

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Barstow ◽  
R. Casaburi ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
O2 Deficit

The dynamic responses of O2 uptake (VO2) to a range of constant power output levels were related to exercise intensity [as percent maximal VO2 and as below vs. above lactic acid threshold (LAT)] and to the associated end-exercise lactate in three groups of subjects: group I, untrained subjects performing leg cycle ergometer exercise; group II, the same subjects performing arm cycle exercise; and group III, trained cyclists performing leg cycle ergometer exercise. Responses were described by a double-exponential equation, with each component having an independent time delay, which reduced to a monoexponential description for moderate (below-LAT) exercise. When a second exponential component to the VO2 response was present, it did not become evident until approximately 80–100 s into exercise. An overall time constant (tau T, determined as O2 deficit for the total response divided by net end-exercise VO2) and a primary time constant (tau P, determined from the O2 deficit and the amplitude for the early primary VO2 response) were compared. The tau T rose with power output and end-exercise lactate levels, but tau P was virtually invariant, even at high end-exercise lactate levels. Moreover the gain of the primary exponential component (as delta VO2/delta W) was constant across power outputs and blood lactate levels, suggesting that the primary VO2 response reflects a linear system, even at higher power outputs. These results suggest that elevated end-exercise lactate is not associated with any discernible slowing of the primary rise in VO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Design and Evaluation of a Modified Underwater Cycle Ergometer

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
An A. Chen ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Chad E. Johnston ◽  
Gordon G. Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Key Words Core Temperature

An underwater cycle ergometer was designed consisting of an aluminum cycle frame in water connected with a 1:1 gear ratio to a mechanically braked standard cycle ergometer supported above the water. Three progressive maximal exercise tests were performed (n = 10): (a) the underwater ergometer in water (UEW), (b) underwater ergometer in air (UEA), and (c) a standard cycle ergometer in air (SEA). At submaximal power outputs, oxygen consumption [Formula: see text] and heart rate (HR) were generally lower in the SEA condition (p <.05), indicating that exercise in the upright position was more efficient. Exercise in water (UEW) resulted in lower total exercise duration, maximal HR, and maximal Tes than in air conditions. The upright position (SEA) resulted in greater total exercise duration and maximal power output than the semirecumbent positions. Because of positional differences between the standard and underwater ergometers, air-water comparisons should be made by using the underwater ergometer in water and on land. Key words: core temperature, esophageal temperature, skin temperature, exercise, resistance, work, power output, heat balance, heat loss, heat production, thermoregulation

Torso Stabilization Reduces the Metabolic Cost of Producing Cycling Power

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McDaniel ◽  
Andrew Subudhi ◽  
James C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Static Contraction ◽  
Power Outputs

Many researchers have used cycling exercise to evaluate muscle metabolism. Inherent in such studies is an assumption that changes in whole-body respiration are due solely to respiration at the working muscle. Some researchers, however, have speculated that the metabolic cost of torso stabilization may contribute to the metabolic cost of cycling. Therefore, our primary purpose was to determine whether a torso stabilization device would reduce the metabolic cost of producing cycling power. Our secondary purpose was to determine the validity of the ergometer used in this study. Nine male cyclists cycled on a Velotron cycle ergometer at mechanical power outputs intended to elicit 50, 75, and 100% of their ventilatory threshold at 40, 60, and 80 rpm, with and without torso stabilization. Power was controlled by the Velotron in iso-power mode and measured with an SRM powermeter. We determined metabolic cost by indirect calorimetery and recorded power output. Torso stabilization significantly reduced metabolic cost of producing submaximal power (1%), and reduction tended to be greatest at the lower pedaling rates where pedaling force was greatest (1.6% at 40 rpm, 1.2% at 60 rpm, 0.2% at 80 rpm). Power, measured with the SRM powermeter, was strongly correlated with that specified to the Velotron ergometer control unit (R2 > 0.99). We conclude that muscular contractions associated with torso stabilization elicit significant metabolic costs, which tend to be greatest at low pedaling rates. Researchers who intend to make precise inferences regarding metabolism in the working muscles of the legs may wish to provide torso stabilization as a means of reducing variability, particularly when comparing metabolic data across a wide range of pedaling rates. Key words: efficiency, economy, metabolism, static contraction, work

scholarly journals The assessment of muscle strength symmetry in kayakers and canoeists

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Michał Wietrzyński ◽  
Joanna Mazur-Różycka ◽  
Jan Gajewski ◽  
Radosław Michalski ◽  
Sebastian Różycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Asymmetry Coefficient ◽  
Muscle Torque ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Static Conditions

Summary Study aim: To determine and compare the muscle strength profile and muscle strength symmetry of kayakers and canoeists. Material and methods: A total of 36 male participants participated in the study, including 25 kayakers and 9 canoeists. Measurements of maximum muscle torque were taken under static conditions for 10 muscle groups: flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, and trunk. Muscle torque was allometrically scaled by body mass. To determine the muscle strength profiles of athletes in both disciplines, residual analysis was used. Two methods were utilized to assess and compare the muscle strength symmetry between left and right limbs. The first one is known as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The second one is an asymmetry coefficient proposed by authors. Results: The study showed that kayakers obtained lower rates of asymmetry indicators than canoeists in most muscle groups. An overall asymmetry coefficient amounted to 0.77 ± 0.20 and 0.99 ± 0.31 (p < 0.05) for kayakers and canoeists, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the kayakers and canoeists had similar strength profile. The symmetry assessment of maximum muscle torque corresponds to the characteristics of the studied disciplines. Conclusions: The intraclass correlation coefficient is recommended as a measure of strength symmetry for muscle groups comparisons. The asymmetry coefficient is recommended for comparison of individuals.

scholarly journals Training improves the response in glucose flux to exercise in postmenopausal women

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zinta A. Zarins ◽  
Matthew L. Johnson ◽  
Nastaran Faghihnia ◽  
Michael A. Horning ◽  
Gareth A. Wallis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Glucose Flux ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

We examined the effects of endurance training on parameters of glucose flux during rest and exercise in postmenopausal women. Ten sedentary, but healthy women (55 ± 1 yr) completed 12 wk of endurance exercise training on a cycle ergometer [5 days/wk, 1 h/day, 65% peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak)]. Flux rates were determined by primed continuous infusion of [6,6-2H]glucose (D2-glucose) during 90 min of rest and 60 min of cycle ergometer exercise during one pretraining exercise trial [65% V̇o2peak (PRE)] and two posttraining exercise trials [the power output that elicited 65% pretraining V̇o2peak (ABT) and 65% posttraining V̇o2peak (RLT)]. Training increased V̇o2peak by 16.3 ± 3.9% ( P < 0.05). Epinephrine and glucagon were lower during ABT and lactate was lower during ABT and RLT ( P < 0.05), but the apparent insulin response was unchanged. Whole body glucose rate of appearance decreased posttraining during exercise at a given power output (4.58 ± 0.39 mg·kg−1·min−1 during ABT compared with 5.21 ± 0.48 mg·kg−1·min−1 PRE, P < 0.05), but not at the same relative workload (5.85 ± 0.36 mg·kg−1·min−1). Training resulted in a 35% increase in glucose MCR during exercise at the same relative intensity (7.16 ± 0.42 ml·kg−1·min−1 during RLT compared with 5.28 ± 0.42 ml·kg−1·min−1 PRE, P < 0.05). Changes in parameters of glucose kinetics during exercise were accomplished without changes in dietary composition, body weight, or body composition. We conclude that despite changes in the hormonal milieu that occur at menopause, endurance training results in a similar magnitude in training-induced alterations of glucose flux as seen previously in younger women.

EFFECTS OF TWO TRAINING MODALITIES WITH VARIED LOAD ON MUSCLE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS IN HEALTHY MALES

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (81) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Edyta Predel ◽  
Michał Boraczyński ◽  
Tomasz Boraczyński ◽  
Magdalena Karczewska
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Muscle Torque ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Training Protocol ◽  
Training Protocols

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of changes in lower limb muscle torque moments after applying two training variants with different load distribution over subsequent days of the microcycle. Basic procedures. The study included 36 students of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw (age: 21.4 ± 1.1 years, body mass 78.4 ± 7.5 kg, body height 180.1 ± 6.1 cm), who were randomly assigned to two groups implementing different training protocols: group A (n = 18, age 21.3 ± 0.9) – a fixed number of series in the microcycle (6), and group B (n = 18, age 21.7 ± 1.2) – a variable number of series in the microcycle (4-8). Training sessions were carried out on a station consisting of a trainer in the form of an inclined plane which was equipped with a dynamometric platform allowing registration of rebound force as a function of time (integrated with the TRP5v2 programme). The training programme lasted 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week recovery phase. The effects were observed at weekly intervals, both during and 2 weeks after completion of training (8 measurements). The measurement results for muscle torque moments in different joints of the lower limbs were evaluated under static conditions (extensors and flexors in the knee and hip joints as well as flexors in the ankle joint). Data was subjected to two-way analysis of variance (2×2 ANOVA) for repeated measurements. Main findings. Post-hoc testing revealed that the interaction effect occurred only in the case of muscle torque of the knee flexors – MTKF [N×m] (F(1,36) = 3.891, η2p = 0.103, p < 0.01). There were observed effects for time in group B in the case of hip extensor muscle torque - MTHE [N × m] (F(1,36) = 3.560, η2 p = 0.420, p < 0.01) – increase by 21.0%, and ankle flexor muscle torque – MTAF [N × m] (F(1,36) = 7.314, η2p = 0.181, p < 0.01) – increase by 12.5%. In group B, the total muscle torque increase for all (11.2%) of the examined joints was almost twice as high as in group A (6.9%). Conclusions. The training protocol used in group B (modulated number of series) was more effective than the training protocol with a fixed number of series to develop muscle torque moments in the knee joint. Both training protocols showed high efficiency in the increase of muscle torque moments of the hip joint extensors and in the ankle joint, therefore, they may be recommended in training programmes optimizing the level of strength and strength-speed abilities.

Validity of the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale for Use in Semirecumbent Ergometry during Immersion in Water

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Robertson ◽  
Fredric Goss ◽  
Timothy Michael ◽  
Niall Moyna ◽  
Paul Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Body Correlation

This investigation examined the validity of the Borg 15-category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during semirecumbent exercise in 32°C water. 9 men undertook 12 8-min. trials at 3 power outputs and 4 pedal-crank rates. The power output was distributed between the arms (20%) and legs (80%). RPEs were measured for the arms, legs, chest, and over-all body. Correlation coefficients for RPE expressed as a function of power output and gross metabolic efficiency (MEG) ranged from .56 to .83 and .54 to .70, respectively, for each pedal-crank rate. Validity coefficients were greatest at those pedal-crank rates having the highest MEG. The Borg 15-category RPE scale is valid for use during semirecumbent exercise in water.

Accuracy of pulse oximetry to estimate HbO2 fraction of total Hb during exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Powers ◽  
S. Dodd ◽  
J. Freeman ◽  
G. D. Ayers ◽  
H. Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Finger Pulse ◽  
Pulse Oximeters

The accuracy of two pulse oximeters (Ohmeda 3700 and Biox IIa) was evaluated during cycle ergometer incremental exercise in 10 healthy subjects. The exercise protocol began at 30 W with the power output being increased 15 W.min-1 until volitional fatigue. Ear and finger probe pulse oximetry measurements of available hemoglobin (%Spo2) were compared with arterial oxyhemoglobin fraction of total hemoglobin (%HbO2) measured directly from arterial blood samples using a CO-oximeter. To provide a wide range of %HbO2 values, four subjects exercised under hypoxic conditions [inspired partial pressure of O2 (PIo2) = 107 Torr], while the remaining six subjects exercised under normoxic conditions (PIo2 = 150 Torr). Because carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) or methemoglobin (MetHb) is not measured by pulse oximeters, %HbO2 was corrected for HbCO and MetHb and expressed as percent arterial O2 saturation of available Hb (%Sao2). Small and insignificant differences (P greater than 0.05) existed between SpO2 (all 3 instruments) and %SaO2 at the lowest work rate and the highest power output achieved. Regression analyses of %SpO2 vs. %SaO2 produced correlation coefficients of r = 0.82 [standard error of the estimate [(SEE) = 1.79], r = 0.89 (SEE = 1.48), and r = 0.93 (SEE = 1.14) for the Biox IIa, Ohmeda 3700 (ear), and the Ohmeda 3700 (finger) pulse oximeters, respectively. We conclude that pulse oximetry, within the above limits of accuracy, is useful in estimating %SaO2 during exercise in healthy subjects.

scholarly journals Comparison of the talk test and percent heart rate reserve for exercise prescription

Kinesiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Porcari ◽  
Katelyn Falck-Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Group Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Test

Exercise intensity is traditionally prescribed using %HRmax, %HRR, %VO2max, or %VO2R. Recently, the Talk Test (TT) has been proposed as an alternative method to guide exercise intensity. However, it is unknown if prescribing exercise intensity solely using the TT can provoke training responses that are comparable to traditional guidelines. This study compared the responses to training using either the TT or %HRR. Forty-four subjects (17 males and 27 females: age=20.4±3.02 years; body height=170.5±9.79 cm; body weight=71.9±13.63 kg) completed an incremental maximal cycle ergometer test, were stratified by VO2max and gender, and randomly assigned to training groups guided by either %HRR (n=20) or the TT (n=24). Both groups completed 40-minute training sessions three days per week for 10 weeks. In the HRR group, exercise intensity was targeted (per ACSM guidelines) at 40-59% HRR for weeks 1-4, 50-59% HRR for weeks 5-8, and 60-79% HRR for weeks 9-10. In the TT group, exercise intensity was targeted at the highest power output (PO) that still allowed for comfortable speech. Changes in VO2max, peak power output (PPO), VO2 at ventilatory threshold (VT), and PO at VT were compared between the groups using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. There were significant (p&lt;.05) pre vs. post increases in VO2max (TT=10.6%; HRR=11.5%), PPO (TT=19%; HR=14%), VO2 at VT (T=32.7%; HRR=56.9%), and PO at VT (TT=43.1%; HRR=38.6%) in both groups, with no significant (p&gt;0.05) interaction effect. Guiding exercise prescription using the TT is a simple and effective method for prescribing exercise intensity and elicits improvements in exercise performance that are comparable to the traditional %HRR guidelines.

Validity and Reliability of the Cycleops Hammer Cycle Ergometer

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R. Lillo-Bevia ◽  
Jesús G. Pallarés
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Marginal Values ◽  
Srm System

Purpose: To validate the new drive indoor trainer Hammer designed by Cycleops®. Methods: A total of 11 cyclists performed 44 randomized and counterbalanced graded exercise tests (100–500 W) at 70-, 85-, and 100-rpm cadences in seated and standing positions on 3 different Hammer units, while a scientific SRM system continuously recorded cadence and power output data. Results: No significant differences were detected between the 3 Hammer devices and the SRM for any workload, cadence, or pedaling condition (P value between 1.00 and .350), except for some minor differences (P = .03 and .04) found in the Hammer 1 at low workloads and for Hammer 2 and 3 at high workloads, all in seated position. Strong intraclass correlation coefficients were found between the power output values recorded by the Hammers and the SRM (≥.996; P = .001), independently from the cadence condition and seated position. Bland–Altman analysis revealed low bias (−5.5 to 3.8) and low SD of bias (2.5–5.3) for all testing conditions, except marginal values found for the Hammer 1 at high cadences and seated position (9.6 [6.6]). High absolute reliability values were detected for the 3 Hammers (150–500 W; coefficient of variation <1.2%; SEM <2.1). Conclusions: This new Cycleops trainer is a valid and reliable device to drive and measure power output in cyclists, providing an alternative to larger and more expensive laboratory ergometers and allowing cyclists to use their own bicycles.

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