scholarly journals PENERAPAN TOKEN ECONOMY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERILAKU ON-TASK DALAM AKTIFITAS MAKAN PADA ANAK DENGAN HIPERAKTIFITAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Lecya Lalitya ◽  
Eko Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject

Anak dengan perilaku hiperaktif memiliki tingkat aktifitas motorik tinggi yang ditunjukkan dengan gejala seperti seringkali tidak nyaman diam di suatu tempat dan meningkalkan tempat duduk pada situasi dimana ia harus diam dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Gejala tersebut muncul dalam berbagai situasi, seperti belajar di sekolah dan makan di rumah. Hal ini terjadi karena minimnya perilaku fokus atau on-task. Di sisi lain, minimnya kemampuan on-task anak kemudian akan memengaruhi fungsinya karena ia kesulitan menyelesaikan tugas sehari-hari, sehingga masalah perilaku on-task perlu mendapatkan intervensi. Salah satu pendekatan intervensi untuk anak dengan hiperaktifitas adalah modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik token economy. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan karena masalah dalam perilaku makan dapat berkaitan dengan pemenuhan gizi yang kemudian berkaitan pula dengan masalah dalam aspek akademis. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat efektifitas token economy untuk meningkatkan perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan pada anak dengan hiperaktifitas. Token yang berikan adalah stiker berbentuk bintang. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian single subject dan dengan desain A-B. Partisipan adalah anak laki-laki berusia 8 tahun dengan perilaku hiperaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, teknik token economy efektif meningkatkan perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan pada anak dengan hiperaktifitas. Hal ini membuka peluang bagi penelitian selanjutnya untuk menerapkan modifikasi perilaku pada perilaku on-task dengan berbagai konteks dan latar belakang partisipan. 

scholarly journals Metode Sintetik dengan Token Economy Guna Meningkatkan Kemampuan Speechreading Anak Tunagrahita Dengan Gangguan Pendengaran

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Nirtafitri Trianisa ◽  
Tjut Rifameutia ◽  
Eva Septiana
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject

<p>Salah satu kemampuan yang perlu dikembangkan pada anak tuna ganda yang masih dapat memanfaatkan sisa pendengarannya untuk berkomunikasi adalah <em>speechreading,</em> yaitu kemampuan untuk memahami lawan bicara dengan melihat gerak bibir, ekspresi wajah serta gestur tubuh lawan bicaranya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah penggunaan pendekatan sintetik bahasa disertai dengan <em>token economy</em> dapat meningkatkan kemampuan <em>speechreading</em> pada subjek D yang merupakan siswa tuna grahita dengan gangguan pendengaran. Setiap kali menunjuk dengan tepat pada langkah kelima dan pengujian, subjek diberikan token yang nantinya akan ditukarkan dengan <em>reinforcer</em>. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap seorang anak tuna grahita dengan gangguan pendengaran dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki berusia 12 tahun yang duduk di kelas 4 SD inklusi. Desain penelitian <em>single subject</em> tipe A-B-A’. Peningkatan kemampuan <em>speechreading</em> dilihat dari perbandingan antara hasil tes kemampuan <em>speechreading</em> sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode sintetik dengan token<em> economy</em> dapat meningkatkan kemampuan <em>speechreading</em> pada subjek D yang merupakan siswa tuna grahita dengan gangguan pendengaran. Subjek mampu menunjuk kartu dengan tepat sebanyak 100% dari 5 kata yang diujikan pada sesi 1 dan sebanyak 80% dari 5 kata yang diujikan pada sesi 2.</p><p> </p><p>Kata kunci: Disabilitas, <em>speechreading</em>, metode sintetik, token ekonomi</p>

scholarly journals PENERAPAN TOKEN ECONOMY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERILAKU ON-TASK DALAM AKTIFITAS MAKAN PADA ANAK DENGAN HIPERAKTIVITAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Lecya Lalitya ◽  
Eko Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject

Anak dengan perilaku hiperaktif memiliki tingkat aktifitas motorik tinggi yang ditunjukkan dengan gejala seperti seringkali tidak nyaman diam di suatu tempat dan meningkatkan tempat duduk pada situasi dimana ia harus diam dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Gejala tersebut muncul dalam berbagai situasi, seperti belajar di sekolah dan makan di rumah. Hal ini terjadi karena minimnya perilaku fokus atau on-task. Di sisi lain, minimnya kemampuan on-task anak kemudian akan memengaruhi fungsinya karena ia kesulitan menyelesaikan tugas sehari-hari, sehingga masalah perilaku on-task perlu mendapatkan intervensi. Salah satu pendekatan intervensi untuk anak dengan hiperaktifitas adalah modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik token economy. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan karena masalah dalam perilaku makan dapat berkaitan dengan pemenuhan gizi yang kemudian berkaitan pula dengan masalah dalam aspek akademis. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat efektivitas token economy untuk meningkatkan perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan pada anak dengan hiperaktifitas. Intervensi berlangsung selama 10 sesi. Token yang berikan adalah stiker berbentuk bintang. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian single subject dan dengan desain A-B. Partisipan adalah anak laki-laki berusia 8 tahun dengan perilaku hiperaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, teknik token economy efektif meningkatkan perilaku on-task dalam aktifitas makan pada anak dengan hiperaktifitas. Hal ini membuka peluang bagi penelitian selanjutnya untuk menerapkan modifikasi perilaku pada perilaku on-task dengan berbagai konteks dan latar belakang partisipan. Kata kunci: Token Economy, Perilaku on-task, Hiperaktif, Aktifitas makan

The Effect of a Token Economy on the Exercise Behavior of Individuals with Down Syndrome

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freddie Bennett ◽  
Pat Eisenman ◽  
Ron French ◽  
Hester Henderson ◽  
Barry Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Intervention Phase

A single-subject multiple baseline design across subjects was used to discern the effect of a token economy on the exercise behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness of individuals with Down syndrome. The subjects were three females ranging in age from 24 to 26 years, with estimated IQs between 32 and 56. The exercise behavior consisted of pedaling a cycle ergometer for 15 min each weekday at 50-60% of peak VO2 for 6 to 8 weeks. Subjects voluntarily pedaled the cycle ergometer during the baseline phase, and after stabilization entered the intervention phase at 5-day intervals. During the intervention phase, tokens that could be exchanged for preferred items were dispensed for a predetermined number of revolutions. Based on the data and calculations using the split-middle technique, it was concluded that a token economy can be used to increase exercise behavior. Resting heart rates decreased 12.2%, and submaximal exercise heart rates, averaged over three work stages, decreased 18.8% over the course of the study. The small sample size, variable subject response, and a malfunctioning gas analyzer call for caution in inferring any possible cardiorespiratory fitness training effect.

scholarly journals Penerapan backward chaining untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpakaian pada anak dengan disabilitas intelektual

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maria Jessica Alexandra Soebroto ◽  
Efriyani Djuwita
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Backward Chaining

Objektif: Seorang anak berusia 8 tahun berinisial A dengan diagnosis Disabilitas Intelektual taraf sedang selalu membutuhkan bantuan dalam memakai seragam sekolahnya setiap hari yang merupakan kemeja berkancing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik backward chaining dalam meningkatkan keterampilan mengenakan kemeja berkancing pada anak dengan Disabilitas Intelektual.Metode: Merupakan penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental dengan desain single-subject menggunakan tipe A-B-A’. Backward chaining dan token economy menjadi teknik modifikasi perilaku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini.Temuan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik backward chaining mampu meningkatkan keterampilan memakai kemeja berkancing secara efektif, didukung dengan adanya sesi pra-intervensi yang berupa aktivitas latihan motorik halus.Kesimpulan: Mengetahui efektivitas modifikasi perilaku dengan teknik backward chaining dapat menjadi salah satu wawasan baru bagi para orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus untuk menstimulasi kemampuan motorik anak dengan cara memecah suatu rangkaian perilaku menjadi tahapan-tahapan kecil.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Modifikasi Perilaku Melalui Teknik Token Ekonomi Untuk Menurunkan Perilaku Conduct Disorder pada Remaja Putri

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Dini Rakhmawati ◽  
Fuad Nashori ◽  
Qurotul Uyun
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anxiety Depression

There is a lot of research about the Conduct Disorders in male subjects, but research on the Conduct Disorders in female subjects relatively minimal. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of behavior modification to reduce Conduct Disorders behaviour in adolescent girls using token economy techniques. Research conducted on a teenager who suffered Conduct Disorders antisocial types, female, 16 years old, had no formal education, have a level of intelligence below the average. With single-subject research design with ABA-type single-factor baseline, the reduction behavior seen from a comparison between the results of the test before and after the intervention. The results showed a decrease in the aspect of aggressive behavior (14 points), attention problems (11 points), deliquent behavior (10 points), withdrawn (10 points), social problems (5 points), anxiety/depression (4 points) , thought problems (1 point), and somatic complaints (0 points). Thus the behavior modification using token economy technique effective to decrease the Conduct Disorders in adolescent girls.

scholarly journals Applying token economy to improve attention of child with ADHD

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nora Devi Irianjani ◽  
Faridah Ainur Rohmah
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Education Student ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Modification Technique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experience Difficulty ◽  
At Home

A child should be able to pay attention well during task working. But, children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience difficulty in focusing attention or in concentrating when doing a task, both at home or at school. In the other hand, there is a behaviour modification technique that effectively proven in increasing concentration of child with ADHD.   The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of token economy in improving the attention of children with ADHD when completing a task. The present study employed a single subject, a five years-old male Early Childhood Education student. The intervention was given in the form of token economy for two weeks through cooperation with parents. Observation and interviews were held to collect data regarding attention difficulty in engaging in the learning process and doing a task. The result of the study showed that there is an improvement in attention duration; the subject was able to give attention to the task in a longer duration (more than 5 minutes). The parents are expected to be more assertive and committed to applying token economy at home.

Effects of Phonological Decoding Training on Children's Word Recognition of CVC, CV, and VC Structures

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenyatta O. Rivers ◽  
Linda J. Lombardino ◽  
Cynthia K. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Multiple Baseline Design ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Phonological Decoding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Letter Sound

The effects of training in letter-sound correspondences and phonemic decoding (segmenting and blending skills) on three kindergartners' word recognition abilities were examined using a single-subject multiple-baseline design across behaviors and subjects. Whereas CVC pseudowords were trained, generalization to untrained CVC pseudowords, untrained CVC real words, untrained CV and VC pseudowords, and untrained CV and VC real words were assessed. Generalization occurred to all of the untrained constructions for two of the three subjects. The third subject did not show the same degree of generalization to VC pseudowords and real words; however, after three training sessions, this subject read all VC constructions with 100% accuracy. Findings are consistent with group training studies that have shown the benefits of decoding training on word recognition and spelling skills and with studies that have demonstrated the effects of generalization to less complex structures when more complex structures are trained.

Iterative Development of a Home Review Program to Promote Preschoolers' Vocabulary Skills: Social Validity and Learning Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xigrid Soto ◽  
Yagmur Seven ◽  
Meaghan McKenna ◽  
Keri Madsen ◽  
Lindsey Peters-Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Stress ◽  
Social Validity ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Home Program ◽  
Iterative Development ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
At Home

Purpose This article describes the iterative development of a home review program designed to augment vocabulary instruction for young children (ages 4 and 5 years) occurring at school through the use of a home review component. Method A pilot study followed by two experiments used adapted alternating treatment designs to compare the learning of academic words taught at school to words taught at school and reviewed at home. At school, children in small groups were taught academic words embedded in prerecorded storybooks for 6 weeks. Children were given materials such as stickers with review prompts (e.g., “Tell me what brave means”) to take home for half the words. Across iterations of the home intervention, the home review component was enhanced by promoting parent engagement and buy-in through in-person training, video modeling, and daily text message reminders. Visual analyses of single-subject graphs, multilevel modeling, and social validity measures were used to evaluate the additive effects and feasibility of the home review component. Results Social validity results informed each iteration of the home program. The effects of the home program across sites were mixed, with only one site showing consistently strong effects. Superior learning was evident in the school + home review condition for families that reviewed words frequently at home. Although the home review program was effective in improving the vocabulary skills of many children, some families had considerable difficulty practicing vocabulary words. Conclusion These studies highlight the importance of using social validity measures to inform iterative development of home interventions that promote feasible strategies for enhancing the home language environment. Further research is needed to identify strategies that stimulate facilitators and overcome barriers to implementation, especially in high-stress homes, to enrich the home language environments of more families.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

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