scholarly journals Language and style of international agreements of wessex

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
S. V. Mukhin ◽  
D. A. Efremova
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Alfred The Great ◽  
Text Type ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
The Given

The article is concerned with a complex study of the specific features of international agreements in the aspect of functional stylistics and text linguistics. The linguistic evidence has been collected in the Old English texts of international agreements made in the late 9th century by the Wessex kings Alfred the Great, Eadward and the chief of Danes Guthrum as testified by the late 11th – early 12th century manuscript. The present article is intended to make some scientific contribution by trying to solve a number of functional style problems of a specific text type in diachrony, i. e. to consider linguostylistic features of international documents in the historical aspect. It has been found out that lexical, grammar, structural-syntactic and compositional features of the text type in question emerged at the early stage of its existence and are still functional now. The research also proceeds to various language levels, in particular the textual one, to reveal and describe the specific features of Old English international treaties which are no longer inherent in modern formal papers of the same type. As a result of analyzing the linguistic evidence, a conclusion is made that there has been effected some linguostylistic change in the course of formation of the given text type, which, however, can hardly be desribed as drastic.

BERLAKU DAN KEABSAHAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Komang Sukaniasa
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The State ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
International Rights ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Made In

International agreements are agreements between international subjects that give rise to binding obligations in international rights, which can be bilateral or multilateral. Based on these opinions, an understanding can be taken that international treaties are agreements or agreements entered into by two or more countries as subjects of international law that aim to cause certain legal consequences. International agreements, whether ratified or through approval or acceptance or accession, or other methods that are permitted, have the same binding force as ratified international treaties established in the Ratification Law of International Treaties. Once again, it is equally valid and binding on the state. Therefore, the authors consider that the position of international treaties are not made in the form of the Ratification Act of the International Agreement but are binding and apply to Indonesia. Then Damos Dumoli Agusman argues that ratification originates from the conception of international treaty law which is interpreted as an act of confirmation from a country of the legal acts of its envoys or representatives who have signed an agreement as a sign of agreement to be bound by the agreement.

Talking about MOTION in Middle English

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Huber
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Old English ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Analysis Of Motion

Chapter 6 begins with an overview of the language contact situation with (Anglo-) French and Latin, resulting in large-scale borrowing in the Middle English period. The analysis of 465 Middle English verbs used to express intransitive motion shows that there are far more French/Latin loans in the path verbs than in the other motion verbs. The range of (new) manner of motion verbs testifies to the manner salience of Middle English: caused motion verbs are also found in intransitive motion meanings, as are French loans which do not have motion uses in continental French. Their motion uses in Anglo-Norman are discussed in terms of contact influence of Middle English. The analysis of motion expression in different texts yields a picture similar to the situation in Old English, with path typically expressed in satellites, and neutral as well as manner of motion verbs being most frequent, depending on text type.

scholarly journals Promoting EU values in international agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JANČÍKOVÁ Eva ◽  
PÁSZTOROVÁ Janka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
New Model ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

Within the framework of external relations policy as a subject of international law, the European Union has the right to negotiate, conclude, amend and terminate international agreements on its own behalf, i.e., it has competences granted on it in this area by the Treaties. International agreements concluded at European level are results of an agreement between parties and belong to the sources of European Union Law. Current practice in concluding international agreements at the level of the European Union proves that trade and investment agreements contain provisions concerning civil society, labor relations andenvironment. The scientific study opens a discussion on a new model of international agreements which, in addition to trade relations, contain provisions on the social status of employees of the parties and on sustainable development. This new model of international treaties is supported by all Member States. The systems analysis shows that the European Union no longer acts as an economic-integration grouping towards third countries, but as an international organization that takes into account high level of environmental protection and the protection of employees' industrial relations.

Retroactivity in international treaty law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Osmirko ◽  
Ivanna Maryniv
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Main Body ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Retroactive Effect ◽  
The Status ◽  
Contractual Obligations

Problem setting. Due to the fact that the constitutional norms determine the status of an international treaty, the binding nature of which has been approved by the parliament as part of national legislation, it is important to study the temporal effect of international treaties, namely their retroactivity. In general, the Vienna Convention contains a provision according to which an international treaty has no retroactive effect in respect of the States which are parties to it, except where the intention to give retroactive effect to the treaty follows from the treaty itself or the agreements of its parties. These exceptions to the general rule indicate the non-absoluteness of the latter, so it is appropriate to study the factors that determine the existence of retroactive agreements, as well as controversial and controversial issues that arise in this regard. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Scholars such as S.N. Ivanov, RA Kalamkaryan, M.A. Kapustina, II Lukashuk, OV Pushnyak and others. However, this area needs further study and analysis, given the existence of exceptions to the general provision on the lack of retroactive effect of international agreements. Target of research. Тo consider the conditions under which an international treaty has retroactive effect, to investigate the factors influencing the decision to grant retroactive effect and the issues arising in connection with the retroactivity of international treaties. Article’s main body. This study examines the non-absoluteness of the provision on the absence of retroactive effect of international agreements. Among the reasons that encourage states to anticipate retroactive effect – the interpretive or additional nature of the international agreement or the need to resolve the situation that arose before its conclusion. It should be emphasized that some agreements have retroactive effect by virtue of their object, which provides this retroactive effect, as agreed by the parties, although not explicitly stated in the contract. It is also not uncommon for certain rights and obligations to arise not because of an international treaty that has not yet entered into force, but because of customary norms that are enshrined in it. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The principle of no retroactive effect of an international agreement is not absolute. In each case, the reasons for the application of retroactivity must be decided by a judicial authority in the process of interpreting the contractual obligations. An important role in the possibility of retroactive application of an international treaty is played by its object or the co-existing customary norms of international law and the principles recognized by civilized nations as binding.

Language Contact in Early Medieval Britain: Settlement, Interaction, and Acculturation

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-89
Author(s):  
Martin Findell ◽  
Philip A. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Written Language ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
First Case ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
English Spelling

This chapter explores language contact in early medieval Britain, focusing on the methodological problems involved in studying historical language contact in situations where records of the languages involved are sparse. Two case studies then look at linguistic evidence for contact situations, one addressing the uses of the term wealh in Old English and especially in the Laws of Ine, while the other explores the influence of Latin on the development of Old English spelling. The first case study argues that the term wealh in early Old English (as in Continental Germanic) usage identified groups and individuals as Roman, as distinct from the identification with Celtic languages that developed later in the period. The second case study shows how spellings of the reflex of pre-Old English *[ɡɡj] developed through the engagement of Old English speakers with Latin, demonstrating the interactions between developments in the spoken and written language.

Verbal morphology in the Old English gloss to the Durham Collectar

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-164
Author(s):  
Julia Fernández Cuesta ◽  
Christopher Langmuir
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Old English ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Lindisfarne Gospels ◽  
Syntactic Context ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Abstract This article examines the verbal morphology of the Old English interlinear gloss to the Durham Collectar, attributed by almost universal consensus to Aldred of Chester-le-Street, whose earlier gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels has recently been the object of scholarly attention (Cole 2014; Fernández Cuesta & Pons-Sanz 2016, Gameson et al. 2017). This article analyses -s/-th variation in the present indicative and imperative forms in relation to their syntactic context, in particular subject type and subject-verb adjacency, in order to assess whether the Northern Subject Rule detected by Cole (2014) in Lindisfarne was also operative in Aldred’s later gloss. By means of a quantitative analysis, we find that the first constraint does not significantly affect -s/-ð variation in the gloss and that there is insufficient context for the second. Additionally, it is argued that adjacency is a problematic variable in this text-type. We also demonstrate that there is a higher percentage of second person singular -st and -ð in the Collectar than in Lindisfarne and discuss the possible influence of standard West Saxon on the later gloss.

scholarly journals The Mind in the Old English Prose Psalms

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (296) ◽  
pp. 597-617
Author(s):  
Amy Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Old English ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Text ◽  
The West ◽  
Alfred The Great ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Consolation Of Philosophy ◽  
The Mind

Abstract The Prose Psalms, an Old English translation of the first 50 psalms into prose, have often been overshadowed by the other translations attributed to Alfred the Great: the Old English Pastoral Care, with its famous preface, and the intellectually daring Old English translations of Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy and Augustine’s Soliloquies. However, this article proposes that, regardless of who wrote them, the Prose Psalms should be read alongside the Old English Consolation and the Soliloquies: like the two more well-studied translations, the Prose Psalms are concerned with the mind and its search for true understanding. This psychological interest is indicated by the prevalence of the word mod (‘mind’) in the Old English text, which far exceeds references to the faculty of the intellect in the Romanum source. Through comparison with the Consolation and the Soliloquies, this article demonstrates that all three texts participate in a shared tradition of psychological imagery. The three translations may well, therefore, be the result of a single scholarly environment, perhaps enduring for several decades, in which multiple scholars read the same Latin, patristic writings on psychology, discussed these ideas among themselves, and thereby developed the vernacular discourse observable in these three translations. Whether this environment was identical with the scholarly circle which Alfred gathered at the West Saxon court remains a matter for debate.

Role of Unstable Chemical Species (Non-Graphitic Carbon and Flowing NH3 Gas) on the Equilibrium Point of the Reaction Product (Carbide, Carbo-Nitride or Nitride)

2004 ◽  
Vol 449-452 ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobumitsu Shohoji
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Carbon Activity ◽  
Gaseous Ammonia ◽  
Equilibrium Partial Pressure ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
The Given

Elementary carbon in solid state might exist in variety of allotropic forms including graphite, diamond and amorphous carbon. Among them, graphite is in the stable form with chemical carbon activity a(C) = 1 whereas diamond is in meta-stable state and amorphous carbon is in un-stable state with a(C) higher than 1. Experimental evidences showed that carbide and carbo-nitride being in equilibrium with carbon possessing a(C) higher than 1 was with higher C content than the corresponding ones in equilibrium with graphite. In case of gaseous ammonia NH3, higher nitrogen activity a(N)and higher hydrogen activity a(H) than the ones corresponding to the equilibrium partial pressure levels, p(N2) and p(H2), might be gained by suppressing its dissociation to a level away from the equilibrium state for the given temperature T by flowing. Thus, under flowing NH3gas, nitride or carbo-nitride with N content higher than that in equilibrium with N2gas at p(N2) anticipated from the dissociation equilibrium at the given T might be obtained. Chronological development of this line of work started by Prof. Masahiro Katsura in early seventies at Osaka University is reviewed in this paper as I was one of collaborators involved in this very exciting research work from the early stage of its development.

Federalism and Compliance with International Agreements: Belgium and Canada Compared

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Paquin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Central Question ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
State Actors

This article aims to assess the effectiveness of two systems of governance with respect to the making of international treaties: the Canadian system, where the decision-making process is more centralized and where intergovernmental mechanisms are poorly institutionalized; and the Belgian system, where sub-state actors have the role of co-decision and where intergovernmental mechanisms are highly institutionalized. The central question to be discussed is: is the fact that one gives an important role to sub-state actors in the making of a country’s treaty by means of institutionalized intergovernmental mechanisms something that negatively or positively affects the foreign policy of a state? And is this a positive- or a negative-sum game at the level of the conclusion and implementation of treaties? The article concludes that the Belgian system is more effective, largely because its sub-state actors have an important role at every step of the conclusion of a treaty.

scholarly journals CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND INCIDENCE OF GLOBE SALVAGE AND PATIENT SURVIVAL IN THE CASES OF RETINOBLASTOMA

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Bansari Sorathiya
Keyword(s):  
Patient Survival ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Focal Therapy ◽  
Illness Management ◽  
Large Tumor ◽  
The Given ◽  
Large Tumor Volume

PURPOSE: To study clinical characteristics of Retinoblastoma and analyze the occurrences of patient survival and globe salvation. METHODS: This is a prospective and non-randomized study involving retinoblastoma patients at a tertiary institute from May, 2017 to May, 2019. All patients underwent comprehensive medical assessment and illness management investigations. The given treatment was recorded, including focal therapy, enucleation and chemotherapy. RESULTS: Leukocoria was the foremost common presentation (60.68%) followed by proptosis (12.3%). The patient survival rate was 87.7% whereas globe salvation was at 23.2% (19 eyes). CONCLUSION: Most patients came for clinical examination for rst time at a later stage of disease, having high risk clinical features such as positive family history, hyphema, and large tumor volume. More awareness and early stage diagnosis are of prime importance in order to achieve globe salvation in retinoblastoma.

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