scholarly journals Identification of Free Radical in Main Stream Cigarette Smoke in Cigarette with Clove mix (Kretek) and Cigarette without Clove mix (White)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Nova Anggarani ◽  
D.J. Djoko H.S. ◽  
Unggul P. Juswono
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
A Value ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Free Gases ◽  
Smoke Sample ◽  
Landé Factors

Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals. Cigarette smoke is a component of Aerosols and free gases that contain large amounts of chemical compounds. Cigarette smoke can be divided into two: main smoke and side smoke. The main smoke of cigarettes inhaled by smokers is known to cause a buildup of harmful substances and causes of oxidative stress so that research is carried out using ESR Leybold Heraeus. The sample used is a smoke sample from two types of cigarettes that are popular in Indonesia. The measurement is done by pulling smoke directly into the measurement tube. Then the resonance pattern is observed and the external magnetic field is calculated and the value of the lande factor is based on frequency and current data. Measurements result showed resonance in both types of cigarettes, at a frequency of 32.4-70.8 MHz and obtained values of lande factors that vary and have a value between 1.9-2.1 with two acquisition values that are outside the range that is 1.8368; and 2.2060. There are differences in the number of resonances that occur for each sample. This difference can be due to differences in the constituent of content and the texture of cigarettes which can affect the results of the combustion process.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Cigarette Smoke Cytotoxicity Using Two In Vitro Assay Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Toshiro Fukushima ◽  
Hitomi Tanaka ◽  
Takeshi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Modes Of Action

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to compare the results obtained from two in vitro cytotoxicity assays that depend upon different mechanisms/modes of action. The Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay is based on endocytotic activity whereas the Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salts (WST-1) assay is based on mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Both were investigated in light of their wide use and documented validation. The total particulate matter (TPM) and gas vapor phase (GVP) of main stream smoke derived from Kentucky reference cigarettes 3R4F and 10 test cigarettes made of 100% flue-cured or 100% Burley tobacco were individually applied to the two assays using CHO-K1 cells. In addition, cigarette smoke constituents and known cytotoxic agents, documented to affect specific endpoints, were evaluated within both assays. Although the NRU assay was primarily more sensitive than the WST-1 assay, both assays provided comparable results in terms of the rank order for the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke samples. In addressing the cytotoxicity of constituents in cigarette smoke, acrolein, hydroquinone and catechol gave clear dose-related decreases in cell viability (an end point common in both assays). Moreover, enzyme inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and chemicals causing membrane disruption also showed similar responses regardless of the specific endpoint addressed within the cytotoxicity assay. In conclusion, results from the NRU and WST-1 assay are comparable therefore indicating results were independent of the different assay detection mechanisms/modes of action. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 98-108]

Rice Husk-Derived Mesoporous Silica Nanostructure for Supercapacitors Application: A Possible Approach for Recycling Bio-Waste into a Value-Added Product

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Araichimani ◽  
K.M. Prabu ◽  
G. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Gopalu Karunakaran ◽  
S. Surendhiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
A Value ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Thermal Combustion

Abstract We synthesized mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix using rice husks as a precursor through a facile thermal combustion process. XRD, FTIR, EDX, and TEM analyses were used to validate the produced mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix. Electrochemical measurements were used to determine the specific capacitance of mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix, and the results showed that the specific capacitances are 216, 204, 182, 163, 152, 142, 135, 133, 124.4, 124 F/g at current densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 A/g. The benefit of impurities, as well as the large surface area and mesoporous structure of rice husk derived SiO2 nanostructures, allow Faradaic redox reactions at the electrode surface and the resulting supercapacitive behavior. This research might lead to a low-cost technique of producing supercapacitor electrodes using rice husk-derived SiO2 as a precursor.

Preliminary Study of a Low Power Plasma Radical Jet Generator for Combustion Systems

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong-Sik Choi ◽  
Jaecheol Kim ◽  
Yedidia Neumeier ◽  
Jeff Jagoda
Keyword(s):  
Fast Moving ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Incomplete Combustion ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
Drastic Effect ◽  
Steady Combustion ◽  
Solid Walls

A novel radical jet generator (RJG) was developed, whose purpose it is to supply concentrated, relatively low temperature radicals that penetrate into a flammable stream of reactants and trigger or modify a combustion process. The RJG is driven by a plasma whose power is only a fraction of a percent of the total power released in the combustor. In this approach, the plasma induces an incomplete combustion process in a small duct carrying a rich mixture of fuel and air. Results obtained using the developed RJG show that a jet, which consists of partially burnt reactants, some products and is, apparently, rich in radicals produced by the incomplete combustion process triggers extremely steady combustion in a fast moving combustible mixture whose flow rate far exceeds that of the RJG. Importantly, the results show that the jet, rich with radicals, that emerges from the RJG cavity at a temperature well below traditional ignition can ignite a fast moving stream of combustible mixture. Moreover, when injected normal to the main flow, this jet ignites the main stream at a location relatively far from the entrance point of the jet. This makes it possible to keep the combustion process away from solid walls while at the same time eliminating the need for solid flame holders. This in turn, provides an augmenter with reduced I.R signature. Finally, the results show a drastic effect of the RJG upon the flame dynamics in general and combustion instabilities in particular. Flames which displayed large, periodic pressure oscillations became completely stable when the plasma in the RJG was turned on. This suggests a novel use of the RJG to inhibit instabilities in combustors.

scholarly journals HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS IN LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS. PART 2. ALGORITHMIC SOFTWARE

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Arthur Zaporozhets ◽  
Yurii Kuts
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Automatic Control ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Boiler Units ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Made In

The efficiency of the functioning of boiler units depends on the availability of reliable information on the progress of technological processes. The lack of control and measuring systems for the composition of the exhaust gases leads to low efficiency of the boiler unit, in particular, due to poor-quality fuel combustion. Therefore, in modern operating conditions of boiler units, it is relevant to develop technological solutions focused on finding and minimizing the causes and mechanisms of the formation of harmful substances in exhaust gases. Due to the fact that replacement of outdated boiler units with new ones requires significant capital investments, a promising direction is the modernization of existing boiler units. It is a low-cost and efficient way of rational use of fuel while simultaneously reducing the level of harmful substances in exhaust gases. It remains relevant to ensure the functioning of the control systems for the composition of the air-fuel mixture (AFM) with a given speed and high reliability of maintaining the excess air ratio (EAR) at the stoichiometric level. In the article the high-quality algorithm is proposed for the operation of an automatic control system for the combustion of fuel in boilers of medium and low power by regulating the ratio of the components of the AFM for the burner with feedback according to the signals of the oxygen sensor. The algorithms for the operation of the frequency regulator of the ratio of the components of the AFM in various operating modes are considered. The developed algorithms allowed maintaining the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the boiler furnace, reducing the level of toxic emissions into the atmosphere and increasing the boiler efficiency by optimizing the fuel combustion process. The AFM ratio programmer is made in the LM Programmer technical programming environment and works with Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10) and oxygen sensors manufactured by Bosch. The visualization of the control process of the fuel combustion process is made in the technical programming environment LogWorks 3 and operates in the environment of Windows operating systems.

Enzyme induction in rat lung and liver by condensates and fractions from main-stream and side-stream cigarette smoke

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pasquini ◽  
G. Scassellati Sforzolini ◽  
A. Savino ◽  
G. Angeli ◽  
S. Monarca
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Enzyme Induction ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Side Stream

Reduction of Harmful Substances in Cigarette Smoke Using TiO2 Nanoparticles

2015 ◽  
Vol 1112 ◽  
pp. 425-428
Author(s):  
Riri Murniati ◽  
Sutisna ◽  
Edy Wibowo ◽  
Mamat Rokhmat ◽  
Neni Surtiyeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Cigarette Butt ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Harmful Substances

Both qualitative and quantitative effect of TiO2 suspension presence in cigarette filter have been analyzed in order to reduce harmful substances in cigarette smoke, optimizing the capability of TiO2 suspension as nano filter in cigarette filters and reviewing the analysis in order to obtain results with the best variation. Samples in the form of filter paper that has passed of the smoke with some variation treatment as it become ready to be tested and analyzed. Parameter such as concentration and volume variation of TiO2 suspension, and also the inputting method of TiO2 suspension into cigarette filter. Samples were characterized using FT-IR spectrophotometer and samples data absorbance obtained in each catchment area. The results showed that by reducing absorbance value percentage of each catchment area, with inputting method of TiO2 suspension through the cigarette filter tip and base, it appears that the most stable and lowest reduction present in C3 and H3, which is sample with 1.85 mol/liter concentration and 0.3 ml suspension volume. Both sample reduced particulate matters significantly after confirmed with X-Ray Fluorescence and SEM-EDS results, and was compared to sample filter without TiO2. Inputting method of TiO2 suspension through a base of cigarette butt is better and safer than through end of cigarette filter.

Micropipette analysis of the hemolytic stress of hypotonic erythrocytes: the influence of lipid-soluble compounds

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. F. Missirlis ◽  
F. Fong ◽  
M. C. Brain
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Micropipette Aspiration ◽  
Membrane Action ◽  
A Value ◽  
Critical Tension ◽  
Biphasic Effect ◽  
Lipid Protein Interactions ◽  
Individual Erythrocytes

The technique of micropipette aspiration of individual erythrocytes has been used to determine the critical tension (Ter) for lysis of hypotonically slightly swollen normal erythrocytes and erythrocytes exposed to the influence of lipid-soluble chemical compounds. The value of Ter of preswollen normal erythrocytes was 12.23 ± 1.84 dyn/cm (1 dyn = 10 μN), a value which agrees well with that found by other workers. The Ter was increased in normal erythrocytes following exposure to four aliphatic alcohols, chloroform, and phenol. The optimal concentration resulting in 24–33% increase in Ter for the six compounds studied was very similar to the concentration previously found to be optimal in conferring increased resistance to osmotic hemolysis.The determination of Ter by micropipette aspiration of individual erythrocytes enables a range of concentrations of lipid-soluble compounds to be studied and led to the demonstration of a biphasic effect of the alcohols on the surface area elastic modulus.The studies now reported confirm the findings of Seeman (SEEMAN, P. 1972. The membrane action of anesthetics and tranquilizers. Pharmacol. Rev. 24(4), 583.) and suggest that incorporation of relatively short chain alcohols is concentration dependent and is associated with alterations in the mechanical-rheological properties of the membrane in a manner which appears analogous to the previously published reports on effects of alcohols on membrane transport and enzymatic activity. These findings suggest that lipid-soluble compounds at optimal concentrations influence both material properties and membrane-related functions, presumptively due to alterations in lipid–lipid, and (or) lipid–protein interactions.

scholarly journals Characterisation of used cooking oil (UCO) and orange peels as the medium of insect repellent

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi ◽  
Puteri Nur Syareena Saifuddin ◽  
Harumi Veny
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Insect Repellent ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Orange Peels ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
A Value

Used cooking oil (UCO) is abundant waste oil in Malaysia, due to its daily use in frying food. The proper way to dispose UCO is yet to be found and creating awareness among Malaysians on disposing and recycling UCO required a long period of time. Therefore, alternative needs to be taken to solve this issue by transforming UCO into a value-added product such as insect repellent. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the presence of active functional chemical compounds in UCO and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels powder (limonene) that would help to transform UCO into a repellent. Based on GC-MS analysis, there was presence of fatty acids in UCO such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), myristic acid (C14:0) and capric acid (C10:0). FTIR analysis has proven that orange (Citrus sinensis) peels powder contained limonene compound due to presence of alkene (C=C) group. The results of UCO and orange peels analysis, as well as comparison made with previous studies show that UCO and orange peels powder are potential to be the medium of insect repellent.

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