Free gas content of the rocks of the silvinite and silvinite-carnallite zones at the Upper Kama Districts

The results of the mine and the laboratory studies of the free gas content of the sylvinite and sylvinite-carnallite zones of the Upper Kama districts are presented. In the process of the experimental studies, the quantitative characteristics of the free gas content were obtained for sylvinite, carnallite and rock salt layers. In the process of the laboratory studies by the gas chromatography of the natural gas samples, the component composition of the free gases was assessed. Based on the geological structure analysis and the gas content study, the assessment of the composition, the volume, the location and the intensity of the natural gases release is given. Based on the experimental studies results of the free gas content, and an analysis of the locations, the volume and the intensity of the gas emissions, the probable places of the free gases accumulation are installed. The main which are the anticlinal folds inflection the rupture and the crushing, the fractures, the tectonic disturbances, the transition of the sylvinites into the carnallite and the composition changes of the layers.

Mineral, thermal and deep groundwater of Hesse, Germany

The composition of mineral, thermal or deep groundwaters is of interest for several geotechnical applications, such as drinking water supply, spas or geothermal energy. A verified and reliable knowledge of temperature, pH, hydrochemical composition and other parameters is crucial to extract fluids with as few technical problems as possible and exploit groundwater reservoirs economically and environmentally sustainable. However, at sites where empirical data are lacking, the correct prediction of fluid properties is often difficult, resulting in considerable economic risks. Here we present the first comprehensive and publicly available database of mineral, thermal and deep groundwaters of Hesse compiled from published and own data. Presently, it contains 1035 datasets from 560 different springs or wells sampled since 1810. A dataset consists of metadata like location, altitude, depth, rock type or stratigraphic unit, information on the water type, references, physical-chemical parameters, concentrations of major, minor and trace elements, content of dissolved and free gases as well as isotope data. The dataset allows the evaluation of time series and distribution of groundwater properties both laterally and vertically. We show a simple statistical evaluation based on the five major hydrogeological regions of Hesse. Our database can be used to re-evaluate genesis and circulation of deep groundwaters, to estimate reservoir temperatures with a solution geothermometer, or to assess groundwater ages by means of isotope data. It can also be useful for a first conception of deep geothermal utilizations. In future, an update and extension of the database is intended.

Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for parahydrogen-induced polarization in heterogeneous hydrogenations

Production of hyperpolarized catalyst-free gases and liquids by heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen can be useful for various technical as well as biomedical applications, including in vivo studies, investigations of mechanisms of industrially important catalytic processes, enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of polyatomic gases, and more. In this regard, the wide systematic search for heterogeneous catalysts effective in pairwise H2 addition required for the observation of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) effects is crucial. Here in this work we demonstrate the competitive advantage of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for PHIP in heterogeneous hydrogenations (HET-PHIP). The dilution of catalytically active Pd with less active Ag or In atoms provides the formation of atomically dispersed Pd1 sites on the surface of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts, which are significantly more selective toward pairwise H2 addition compared to the monometallic Pd. Furthermore, the choice of the dilution metal (Ag or In) has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of bimetallic catalysts in HET-PHIP, as revealed by comparing Pd-Ag and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts.

Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for HET-PHIP

Production of hyperpolarized catalyst-free gases and liquids by heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen (HET-PHIP) can be useful for various technical as well as biomedical applications, including in vivo studies, investigations of mechanisms of industrially important catalytic processes, enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of polyatomic gases, and more. In this regard, the wide systematic search for heterogeneous catalysts effective in pairwise H2 addition required for the observation of PHIP effects is crucial. Here in this work we demonstrate the competitive advantage of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for HET-PHIP. The dilution of catalytically active Pd with less active Ag or In atoms provides the formation of atomically dispersed Pd1 sites on the surface of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts, which are significantly more selective toward pairwise H2 addition compared to the monometallic Pd. Furthermore, the choice of the dilution metal (Ag or In) has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of bimetallic catalysts in HET-PHIP, as revealed by comparing Pd-Ag and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts.

Performance of free gases during the recovery enhancement of shale gas by CO2 injection: a case study on the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale in northeastern Sichuan Basin, China

In this work, a novel thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupling model is developed, where the real geological parameters of the reservoir properties are embedded. Accordingly, nine schemes of CO2 injection well (IW) and CH4 production well (PW) are established, aiming to explore the behavior of free gases after CO2 is injected into the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale. The results indicate the free CH4 or CO2 content in the shale fractures/matrix is invariably heterogeneous. The CO2 involvement facilitates the ratio of free CH4/CO2 in the matrix to that in the fractures declines and tends to be stable with time. Different combinations of IW–PWs induce a difference in the ratio of the free CH4 to the free CO2, in the ratio of the free CH4/CO2 in the matrix to that in the fractures, in the content of the recovered free CH4, and in the content of the trapped free CO2. Basically, when the IW locates at the bottom Wufeng–Longmaxi shale, a farther IW–PWs distance allows more CO2 in the free phase to be trapped; furthermore, no matter where the IW is, a shorter IW–PWs distance benefits by getting more CH4 in the free phase recovered from the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale. Hopefully, this work is helpful in gaining knowledge about the shale-based CO2 injection technique.

Identification of Free Radical in Main Stream Cigarette Smoke in Cigarette with Clove mix (Kretek) and Cigarette without Clove mix (White)

Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals. Cigarette smoke is a component of Aerosols and free gases that contain large amounts of chemical compounds. Cigarette smoke can be divided into two: main smoke and side smoke. The main smoke of cigarettes inhaled by smokers is known to cause a buildup of harmful substances and causes of oxidative stress so that research is carried out using ESR Leybold Heraeus. The sample used is a smoke sample from two types of cigarettes that are popular in Indonesia. The measurement is done by pulling smoke directly into the measurement tube. Then the resonance pattern is observed and the external magnetic field is calculated and the value of the lande factor is based on frequency and current data. Measurements result showed resonance in both types of cigarettes, at a frequency of 32.4-70.8 MHz and obtained values of lande factors that vary and have a value between 1.9-2.1 with two acquisition values that are outside the range that is 1.8368; and 2.2060. There are differences in the number of resonances that occur for each sample. This difference can be due to differences in the constituent of content and the texture of cigarettes which can affect the results of the combustion process.

About the causes and mechanism of the catastrophic explosion-like sudden gas-dynamic outburst of the Kolka glacier

Определить причину того или иного явления значит указать фактор, действие которого позволяет объяснить все особенности этого явления. При всей несомненной доказанности взрывоподобного газодинамического характера катастрофического выброса ледника Колка 20 сентября 2002г., некоторые важнейшие вопросы, касающиеся причин и механизма этого выброса, требуют прояснения. Их рассмотрению посвящена данная статья. При этом автор во многом опирается на результаты, полученные в области изучения взрывоподобных внезапных газодинамических выбросов в подземных горных выработках, история исследования которых начинается с 1834 года. В газодинамическом выбросе (вынос, отбросе, инерциальном разлете, направленном метании) материала, независимо от его состава, во всех случаях первостепенная (решающая) роль принадлежит находящимся в свободной фазе высоконапорным природным газам различного состава, физико-химических свойств и происхождения. Соответственно, причиной, вызывающей внезапные взрывоподобные газодинамические выбросы, главным действующим фактором, определяющим и объясняющим их основные характерные особенности, являются расширяющиеся сжатые высоконапорные (обладающие высоким или даже сверхвысоким пластовым давлением) природные газы. Основной источник высоконапорных природных газов, вызвавших взрывоподобный направленный газодинамический выброс ледника Колка 20 сентября 2002 года, очевиден им были глубинные поствулканические газы, постоянно генерирующиеся в глубинных зонах Казбекско-Джимарайского района и всей Казбекской неовулканической области. Таким образом, взрывоподобный внезапный газодинамический (газоледокаменный) выброс ледника Колка имел эндогенный поствулканический характер. Взрывоподобный внезапный газодинамический выброс ледника Колка со всей очевидностью показал, что именно аномально высокое (сверхвысокое) пластовое давление свободных газов, скопившихся в подледниковом пространстве, является основной причиной этого выброса его подготовки, запуска, проявления и постпароксизмального завершения. Основным источником этих газов были глубинные процессы постоянно протекающей в данном районе поствулканической деятельности, сопровождающиеся генерацией, выделением в свободную фазу, концентрацией и восходящей миграцией высоконапорных глубинных природных газов To determine the cause of a phenomenon means to indicate a factor whose action allows to explain all the features of this phenomenon. With all the undeniable evidence of the explosion-like gas-dynamic nature of the catastrophic outburst of the Kolka glacier on September 20, 2002, some of the most important questions regarding the causes and mechanism of this outburst require clarification. This article is devoted to consideration of these causes. Moreover, the author relies heavily on the results obtained in the field of studying explosion-like sudden gas-dynamic outburst in underground mine workings, the research history of which begins in 1834. In the gas-dynamic outburst (removal, rejection, inertial expansion, directional throwing) of the material, regardless of its composition, in all cases the primary (critical) role belongs to the high-pressure natural gases of different composition, physicochemical properties and origin that are in the free phase. Accordingly, the cause of sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic emissions, the main acting factor determining and explaining their main characteristic features are expanding compressed high-pressure (having high or even ultra-high reservoir pressure) natural gases. The main source of high-pressure natural gases that caused the explosion-like directional gas-dynamic outburst of the Kolka glacier on September 20, 2002, is obvious - they were deep post-volcanic gases, which are constantly generated in the deep zones of the Kazbek-Dzhimara region and the whole Kazbek neovolcanic region. Thus, the explosion-like sudden gas-dynamic (gas-ice-stone) outburst of the Kolka glacier had an endogenous post-volcanic character. The explosion-like sudden gas-dynamic outburst of the Kolka glacier has clearly shown that it is the abnormally high (ultrahigh) layer pressure of the free gases accumulated in the subglacial space that is the main cause of this outburst - its preparation, launch, development and post-paroxysmal completion. The main source of these gases were the deep processes of ongoing post-volcanic activity in the area, accompanied by the generation, release into the free phase, concentration and upward migration of high-pressure deep natural gases

Molecular and Isotopic Composition of Hydrate-Bound, Dissolved and Free Gases in the Amazon Deep-Sea Fan and Slope Sediments, Brazil

In this work, we investigated the molecular stable isotope compositions of hydrate-bound and dissolved gases in sediments of the Amazon deep-sea fan and adjacent continental slope, Foz do Amazonas Basin, Brazil. Some cores were obtained in places with active gas venting on the seafloor and, in one of the locations, the venting gas is probably associated with the dissociation of hydrates near the edge of their stability zone. Results of the methane stable isotopes (δ13C and δD) of hydrate-bound and dissolved gases in sediments for the Amazon fan indicated the dominant microbial origin of methane via carbon dioxide reduction, in which 13C and deuterium isotopes were highly depleted (δ13C and δD of −102.2% to −74.2% V-PDB and −190 to −150% V-SMOW, respectively). The combination of C1/(C2+C3) versus δ13C plot also suggested a biogenic origin for methane in all analysed samples (commonly >1000). However, a mixture of thermogenic and microbial gases was suggested for the hydrate-bound and dissolved gases in the continental slope adjacent to the Amazon fan, in which the combination of chemical and isotopic gas compositions in the C1/(C2+C3) versus δ13C plot were <100 in one of the recovered cores. Moreover, the δ13C-ethane of −30.0% indicates a thermogenic origin.