Facial Covers of the Ancient Population 1st–5th Centuries from the Burial Grounds in the Tulva River Basin

The paper's theme is the internal structure of the Udmurt ethnos of the 19 - early 20 centuries. An overview of the main territorial and local divisions of the Udmurts was made according to the following indicators (criteria): the language, the location of the late Udmurt burial grounds of the 16 - first half of the 19 centuries, the costume complexes, the settling (inhabiting) zones of the main clan groups. The modern ethnological definitions such as ethnographic, ethnic, territorial and local groups used to denote structural elements of ethnos are given in the paper. To reveal the theme the author analyses three main directions. The first is the beliefs and rites of the Udmurts living in the 19 and early 20 centuries, the second is the problem of territories' colonization and the process of the ethnographic groups' formation, and the third is the main factors that influenced the Udmurts' formation. Within the first direction the all-Udmurt religious traits as well as the most important peculiarities of the beliefs and cult practices both of the Northern and Southern Udmurt groups are traced according to the folklore and ethnographic materials. Within the second direction the basic aspects of the colonization of four territorial groups' regions such as the Middle Vyatka River territories, the Cheptsa River basin, the southern part of modern Udmurtia, and the area between the right bank of the Lower Vyatka River and the Lower Kama River are explored according to the medieval archaeological data. The overall characteristics of the archaeological places and the results of their study, as well as the process of the population's formation at the above mentioned four regions are defined at the same time. Some poorly studied aspects of the problem under consideration are indicated. Within the third direction the four main factors for the joining process of the Udmurt ethnos formation are indicated. Among them are the common Perm base of all ethno-territorial Udmurt groups, then the long development including such sociocultural association as the Volga-Kama region, and also the consolidating functions of large district and territorial shrines, as well as the influence of the Bulgarian and Russian cultures

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From the perspective of time: hunter-gatherer burials in south-eastern Australia

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00096083 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 81 (314) ◽

pp. 1013-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Judith Littleton

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Body Position ◽

Specific Group ◽

South Eastern ◽

Murray River ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Burial Rites ◽

Burial Grounds ◽

Landscape Feature ◽

South Eastern Australia

In this study of the Murray River basin in south-eastern Australia, the author shows that Aboriginal burials are persistently attracted to specific kinds of landscape feature intermittently over long periods of time. Some attributes of burial, like body position, vary from site to site and over much shorter periods; others, like orientation, are even more local, relating only to a specific group of graves. Burial rites are thus sets of variables which may be independent of each other and change at different rates. Far from reflecting cultural arrivals and departures, in south-eastern Australia burial grounds were never formally founded and continually abandoned.

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CULT SANCTUARIES AS A SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF IDEOLOGICAL IDEAS OF THE POPULATION OF DAGESTAN OF THE EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

History Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus ◽

10.32653/ch154678-703 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 678-703

Author(s):

Gamzat D. Ataev ◽

Туфан Исаак-оглу Ахундов

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Local Population ◽

Ancient Population ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

Middle Bronze Age ◽

Rock Paintings ◽

Religious Objects ◽

Burial Grounds ◽

Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to the study of cult sanctuaries of the early and middle bronze age, which are one of the most important sources for the reconstruction of ideological ideas of the population of Dagestan. The work is based on the materials of settlements, burial grounds, research sanctuaries, attraction and analysis of religious objects, rock paintings, which reflect the ideological ideas of the ancient population of the North-Eastern Caucasus, and Dagestan, in particular. The purpose and objective of this article is a comprehensive study of religious sanctuaries and monuments of art, on the basis of which the study of ancient religious and ideological ideas of the local population in the early and middle bronze age. A comprehensive study of household, burial and religious monuments, the study of which reveals the various religious beliefs and rituals, as well as objects of worship of the population of Dagestan in the early and middle bronze age allowed to highlight many of the problems associated with the ideological beliefs of the local population. The considered materials show that the tribes of Dagestan in the early and middle bronze age had a fairly complex and developed ideology for that time. At the heart of the beliefs of ancient farmers and pastoralists, judging by the study of religious sanctuaries, rock paintings and hearths was the worship of various cults: fertility cults, agricultural cults, cults of animals, wood, etc. They are also expressed in different characters – solar, agricultural, female, etc. Their study helped to get an idea of the spiritual culture of the population of the region to reveal that the population of Dagestan during the early and middle bronze age there existed a complex and diverse beliefs.

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Stratification of Neolithic Ceramic Complexes in the Konda River Basin

Vestnik NSU Series History and Philology ◽

10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-216-228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 216-228

Author(s):

Tatiana Yu. Klementieva ◽

Andrey A. Pogodin

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Lower Boundary ◽

Typical Feature ◽

14C Dating ◽

The People ◽

Neolithic Age ◽

Starting Point ◽

Traditional Economy ◽

Burial Grounds

Purpose. Over the past 40 years, dozens of pit-houses, semi-dugouts, above-ground huts, hearth-like structures, and burial grounds have been investigated on the territory of the Konda River basin. Classification of cultural artifacts is based on stylistic attributes and distinctions of ceramics, while chronology rests on conventional 14C dating. At the present stage, one of the most important tasks is to develop the chronology and periodization of the Neolithic sites located in the Konda River basin. The starting point in the solution of this problem should be the multilayer stratified habitation sites. This paper presents the results of the investigation of Mulymya-3 settlement, which is one of such sites. Results. In 2019, early Neolithic stratified complexes were studied in Mulymya-3 settlement. The excavations of the early buildings revealed that among the predominant artifacts of flat-bottomed dishes, there also were layers of Shoushma and Sumpanya type pottery. The stroke-ornamented ware, i. e. flat-bottomed ceramic dishes with collars and rims, were classified as “Mulymya type pottery”. 14C dating of the soot from a flat-bottomed vessel suggested that the site was more or less continuously occupied between 6 690–6 500 cal. BC. Conclusion. The artifacts from Mulymya-3 settlement made it possible to shift the lower boundary of the Neolithic age in the Konda River basin to earlier dates. A typical feature of the earliest period (6 600 / 6 500 – 3 600 / 3 400 cal. BC) is Mulymya, Shoushma, and Umytinsky type pottery characterized by original traditions of ceramic production. The appearance of pottery in the second third of the 7th millennium BC did not affect the traditional economy of taiga societies. The stone-working technique was based on fracturing technologies (percussion flaking, pressure flaking, chipping, splintering), abrasive processing, and battering. In the 6th millennium BC, the people belonging to Shoushma and Umytinsky cultures started contacting with each other, which can be proved by dishes of both types found in the excavated pit-dwelling in similar stratigraphic conditions. Another proof is the appearance of mixed-looking pottery, in particular dishes of the Sumpanya type. From the end of the 6th millennium, the Shoushma pottery traditions were gradually degrading. From that time and until the turn of the 5th–4th millennia BC the Konda River basin was inhabited by the Umytinsky population. It is probable that those were the people who continued the tradition of making flat-bottomed dishes (Satyginsky / Boborykinsky type pottery).

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“Sacrificial complexes” of the Pyany Bor culture burial grounds in the Vyatka river basin

Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) ◽

10.24852/pa2014.1.7.92.113 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 92-113

Author(s):

Nadezhda Leshchinskaya ◽

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Burial Grounds

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Accompanying Burials of Horses in the Funeral Rite of the Population of the Bystryanka Culture of Altai in the Scythian-Saka Time

Izvestiya of Altai State University ◽

10.14258/izvasu(2021)2-12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

S.S. Radovsky ◽

N.N. Seregin

Keyword(s):

Ritual Practice ◽

Transport Function ◽

Ancient Population ◽

Deceased Person ◽

Funeral Rite ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

The Right ◽

Burial Grounds

The article presents the results of the study of one of the elements of the ritual practice of the population of the Bystryanka archaeological culture — the tradition of arranging accompanying burials of horses to a person's burial. The analysis of materials from excavations of all known necropolises of the northern foothills of Altai of the Scythian-Saka time with the involvement of information about the complexes of «early» nomads in adjacent territories is carried out. Despite the known limitations of the source base, including those associated with the robbery of most of the objects, the available data turned out to be sufficient to indicate the key characteristics of horse burials made by the population of the Bystryanka culture. It was found that one horse or several animals were in 59 objects studied at 18 burial grounds, which is about a third of the recorded complexes. As a rule, the horse was placed on the step to the right of the deceased person, parallel to it and was oriented in the same sector of the horizon as the deceased, most often in the western direction. The fixation of elements of equipment on horses probably reflects the key «transport» function of animals in the ritual practice of the ancient population.

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