scholarly journals Accompanying Burials of Horses in the Funeral Rite of the Population of the Bystryanka Culture of Altai in the Scythian-Saka Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
S.S. Radovsky ◽  
N.N. Seregin
Keyword(s):  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Ancient Population ◽  
Deceased Person ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Right ◽  
Burial Grounds

The article presents the results of the study of one of the elements of the ritual practice of the population of the Bystryanka archaeological culture — the tradition of arranging accompanying burials of horses to a person's burial. The analysis of materials from excavations of all known necropolises of the northern foothills of Altai of the Scythian-Saka time with the involvement of information about the complexes of «early» nomads in adjacent territories is carried out. Despite the known limitations of the source base, including those associated with the robbery of most of the objects, the available data turned out to be sufficient to indicate the key characteristics of horse burials made by the population of the Bystryanka culture. It was found that one horse or several animals were in 59 objects studied at 18 burial grounds, which is about a third of the recorded complexes. As a rule, the horse was placed on the step to the right of the deceased person, parallel to it and was oriented in the same sector of the horizon as the deceased, most often in the western direction. The fixation of elements of equipment on horses probably reflects the key «transport» function of animals in the ritual practice of the ancient population.

scholarly journals Research by S. M. Sergeev at the burial complex near the village Maima-Chergachak

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
S. S. Radovsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Burial Ground ◽  
The West ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Grave Goods

The article presents the results of the work of S. M. Sergeev at the burial complex near the village. Maima. In 1934, after being transferred to the Oirot Regional Museum, the researcher unearthed two mounds of the Scythian-Saka period at this burial ground. According to the characteristics of the funeral rite and grave goods, the necropolis under consideration, with a high degree of probability, belongs to the Bystryan culture of the northern foothills of Altai. Currently, on the right bank of the Katun, in the vicinity of the designated village, three burial grounds of the community under consideration(Maima VI, VII, XIX) are known, however, all of them are located east of the Chuisky tract,while the indicated monument is located to the west of it. Perhaps S. M. Sergeev recorded another burial ground of the Bystryanskaya culture, which is now not preserved, located on the territory of the Maiminsky archaeological complex.

Rewriting the Grammar of the Education System: Delhi’s Education Reform (A Tale of Creative Resistance and Creative Disruption)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamini Aiyar ◽  
Vincy Davis ◽  
Gokulnath Govindan ◽  
Taanya Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Creative Resistance ◽  
Service Delivery Systems ◽  
The Status ◽  
Technical Capability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Primary Contribution

The study was not designed to undertake an evaluation of the success or failure of reform. Nor was it specifically about the desirability or defects of the policy reform choices. It took these reform choices and the policy context as a given. It is important to note that the Delhi reforms had its share of criticisms (Kumar, 2016; Rampal, 2016). However, our goal was not to comment on whether these were the “right” reforms or have their appropriateness measured in terms of their technical capability. This study sought to understand the pathways through which policy formulations, designed and promoted by committed leaders (the sound and functional head of the flailing state), transmit their ideas and how these are understood, resisted, and adopted on the ground. In essence, this is a study that sought to illuminate the multifaceted challenges of introducing change and transition in low-capacity settings. Its focus was on documenting the process of implementing reforms and the dynamics of resistance, distortion, and acceptance of reform efforts on the ground. The provocative claim that this report makes is that the success and failure, and eventual institutionalisation, of reforms depend fundamentally on how the frontline of the system understands, interprets, and adapts to reform efforts. This, we shall argue, holds the key to upending the status quo of “pilot” burial grounds that characterise many education reform efforts in India. Reforms are never implemented in a vacuum. They inevitably intersect with the belief systems, cultures, values, and norms that shape the education ecosystem. The dynamics of this interaction, the frictions it creates, and reformers’ ability to negotiate these frictions are what ultimately shape outcomes. In the ultimate analysis, we argue that reforming deeply entrenched education systems (and, more broadly, public service delivery systems) is not merely a matter of political will and technical solutions (although both are critical). It is about identifying the points of reform friction in the ecosystem and experimenting with different ways of negotiating these. The narrative presented here does not have any clear answers for what needs to be done right. Instead, it seeks to make visible the intricacies and potential levers of change that tend to be ignored in the rush to “evaluate” reforms and declare success and failure. Moving beyond success to understand the dynamics of change and resistance is the primary contribution of this study.

scholarly journals Mari сlothing in the funeral and memorial rituals (late XIX – early XX century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-292
Author(s):  
Aleksandra A. Pesetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Deceased Person ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Historical Methods

Introduction. The paper considers the Mari clothing for funeral and memorial rituals, its specific features, and functions. The purpose of the research is to define a role and application that clothes have in ceremonies. Materials and Methods. As the research materials for the article, the author used ethnographic sources published in the XIX and early XX centuries, field journals by Tatyana Kryukova belonged to the Archive of the Russian Museum of Ethnography, as well as the author’s personal field research materials, collected during personal expeditionary activities in the Mari El Republic. The structural-functional and comparatively historical methods were the major methods for the research. The research materials were collected by means of participant observation and semi-structural interview methods. Results and Discussion. The Mari clothing during the funeral and memorial ceremonies marked two core functions, being represented by a costume of the deceased person and as an independent ritual object. Dressing the deceased person entailed a number of taboos whereas some clothes of the deceased were used to fill up the coffin. During the memorial rituals, the clothing of the deceased became a part of the «substitution» ritual when the role of the deceased was taken on by living people who were present at the ceremony. Apart from that, the clothing served as a present for the participants of the ceremony. Conclusion. A change of clothes in the lifecycle rituals marked a transfer of the clothes’ owner from one condition to another. A deceased person was a key figure during the funeral rite, while a change of his clothes facilitated their separation from the living ones. The costume itself was characterized by the inversion of the details and revealed its reference to wedding items. In the context of the memorial ceremonies, the clothing functioned as means of communication between a deceased and living ones, whereas its prolonged use accepted as a gift allowed maintaining the communication.

scholarly journals Chiyalik culture and the Golden Horde

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Igor' Vladimirovich Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Burial Grounds

The object of this research is the interaction of the forest and forest-steppe habitat of Eastern Europe during the Golden Horde. The subject of this research is the interaction of the Chiyalik culture, formed in the forest-steppe zone of Volga-Ural region and the Golden Horde culture formed in the steppe zone of Western Eurasia. The monuments of Chiyalik culture – subsoil burial grounds and ancient settlements – are located in the valleys of the Rivers Kama, Belaya, Ika, Dema, Chermasan, Suni and other rivers in the eastern parts of modern Tatarstan and northwestern parts of the modern Bashkortostan, dating back from XII–XIV centuries. The bearers of Chiyalik culture were Ugric by origin, who have undergone Turkization and Islamization. The article explores the narrative sources that contain records on the relations between Uralic Ugric Peoples and Mongols, archaeological data on the objects of the Golden Horde import found on the monuments of Chiyalik culture. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of narrative sources and archaeological data on the problem of interaction of Chiyalik culture and the Golden Horde as the synchronous historical phenomena. Narrative sources indicate the conquest of the territory of Chiyalik culture by the Mongols, tribute and labor conscriptions carried out by the local population in favor of the conquerors. The objects of the Golden Horde were detected on the settlement monuments: silver earrings and coins were found in Ufa-II settlement; copper coins were found in Iske–aul settlement; pottery and copper coins were found in Podymalovo-I settlement. Silver Golden Horde coins were found in the Taktalachuk and Azmetyevsky burial grounds. The author’s special contribution to this research lies in the conclusion that the paucity of findings is explained by the absence of large settlements, and the Muslim funeral rite. The novelty consists in establishment of the fact of the unilateral impact of the Golden Horde culture upon the Chiyalik culture: in exchange for the items of the Golden Horde import, were exported the raw materials, items of cattle breeding, hunting and beekeeping.

scholarly journals ETHNO-TERRITORIAL GROUPS OF UDMURTS: STATUS OF SOURCES, PROBLEMS AND RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-519
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Ivanovna Shutova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Right ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Joining Process

The paper's theme is the internal structure of the Udmurt ethnos of the 19 - early 20 centuries. An overview of the main territorial and local divisions of the Udmurts was made according to the following indicators (criteria): the language, the location of the late Udmurt burial grounds of the 16 - first half of the 19 centuries, the costume complexes, the settling (inhabiting) zones of the main clan groups. The modern ethnological definitions such as ethnographic, ethnic, territorial and local groups used to denote structural elements of ethnos are given in the paper. To reveal the theme the author analyses three main directions. The first is the beliefs and rites of the Udmurts living in the 19 and early 20 centuries, the second is the problem of territories' colonization and the process of the ethnographic groups' formation, and the third is the main factors that influenced the Udmurts' formation. Within the first direction the all-Udmurt religious traits as well as the most important peculiarities of the beliefs and cult practices both of the Northern and Southern Udmurt groups are traced according to the folklore and ethnographic materials. Within the second direction the basic aspects of the colonization of four territorial groups' regions such as the Middle Vyatka River territories, the Cheptsa River basin, the southern part of modern Udmurtia, and the area between the right bank of the Lower Vyatka River and the Lower Kama River are explored according to the medieval archaeological data. The overall characteristics of the archaeological places and the results of their study, as well as the process of the population's formation at the above mentioned four regions are defined at the same time. Some poorly studied aspects of the problem under consideration are indicated. Within the third direction the four main factors for the joining process of the Udmurt ethnos formation are indicated. Among them are the common Perm base of all ethno-territorial Udmurt groups, then the long development including such sociocultural association as the Volga-Kama region, and also the consolidating functions of large district and territorial shrines, as well as the influence of the Bulgarian and Russian cultures

scholarly journals Dromos burials of the saka time in the Nazar site (Central Kazakhstan)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
Arman Ziyadenovich Beisenov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The People ◽  
Burial Grounds

In recent years, numerous new sites of Tasmola culture have been studied. New materials significantly supplement the existing ideas about the culture of the population of Central Kazakhstan of Saka era. The present article focuses on three monuments of the early Saka time studied by the author in the Nazar site in Central Kazakhstan. This kurgan with stone ridges Nazar and two other kurgans compose the burial ground Nazar-2. The monument is located in the Karaganda region, which is geographically an eastern part of the Kazakh hills. In addition to the studied objects on the coast of the river Nazar, there are three unexplored burial grounds of the Saka era. All structures of these burial grounds, including those which have not been excavated yet, can be combined by common external features. As a result of excavations graves with dromos oriented to the east were discovered in all three mounds. The diameters of the kurgans are 20-23 m, their height is 1,5-1,7 m. A bronze arrowhead of the early Saka type was found in kurgan 1 of the burial ground Nazar-2. Such monuments, which are characterized by a large size and complex structure, belong to the early stage of Tasmola culture - VIII-VI cc. BC. Three radiocarbon dates obtained on bone samples from mounds № 1 and № 2 of burial ground Nazar-2 in the laboratories of the Royal University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom and the University of Miami, USA do not contradict that. According to the author, such detail of the funeral rite as dromos oriented to the east, can be genetically traced back to the cultural traditions of the people of the late Bronze Age in Central Kazakhstan. Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan was opened in 1960. New materials largely complement the existing ideas about this culture.

scholarly journals Barrows with stone lining in Belarus and Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Edvard Zajkoŭski
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
The South ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The North ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Tribal Areas ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Grave Goods

The range of Medieval burial structures on the territory of Belarus includes barrows with stone lining. Commonly, one layer of stones encircled a barrow, but two layers’ lining could also be met. Funeral rite can be described as inhumation at the horizon level or in a pit with western orientation of the dead. Individual burials are most characteristic though double burials were practiced too. Not every burial mound contains grave goods. The items are represented by ornaments, amulets and pots of mostly Slavic type. The finds date back to the 11th – early 12th or 12th – 13th century. The same burial ground could also contain barrows composed entirely of earth, ones including stones interspersed or in the form of thin pavement at the horizon. Barrows of this kind are spread both in central Belarus and farther to the north, covering partly the Dzvina Basin, or more often to the south-west – in the Middle Buh Basin including Polish and Belarusian parts. In Ukraine barrows with stone construction were studied in Zhytomyr Polissya Region where almost 20 burial grounds of this type are known. Such barrows can be found in some other places too: in the Ros’ Basin, in Bukovyna (two barrows with stone lining dated back to the 12th – mid 13th century have been excavated there), in Podilia (burial sites in Zhnyborody I, Sokilets’, Hlybochok). In archaeological studies, there’s a tendency to assign all the barrows with stone constructions to the range of so called stone barrows which are considered to be burial sites of the Jaćviahi. Though in the eastern part of Mazur Lake region and in the basin of the Chornaya Hancha river where the Jatvingians have been located according to the evidence from chronicles there’s no barrows dated back to the 10th – 13th centuries at all. At the same time, in the first millennium AD barrows with stone lining were spread in the range of the Eastern Balts tribes: on the territory of Latvia (tribal areas of Latgaly, Siely, Ziemgaly) and Lithuania (the area of the Eastern Lithuanian Barrows Culture) where they dominated between the 4th and 7th centuries and still could be met in the 7th – 10th centuries. However, we know Eastern Balts’ barrows with stone lining of the eleventh century in the south of Lithuania and bordering part of Belarus, which are chronologically close to the barrows with stone constructions in the rest part of Belarus and in the Middle Dnipro region. The emergence of these kind sites in Bukovyna and Podillia became possible in the result of the union of Volhynian and Galician principalities, i.e. after 1199. Key words: barrows with stone lining, grave goods, Middle Buh region, Zhytomyr Polissya region, Bukovyna, Podillia, Jatvingians, the Eastern Lithuanian Barrows Culture.

scholarly journals Speficic Moral and Psychological Characteristics of Criminals Convicted for Crimes of Terrorism and Extremism

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-532
Author(s):  
Pavel Kazberov ◽  
Igor Alekhin ◽  
Svetlana Kulakova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Value System ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Targeted Approach

The authors continued their research of the personalities of terrorists and extremists and studied characteristics of 700 persons convicted for crimes of terrorism and extremism who served their sentences in penitentiary institutions of all territorial divisions of the Russian Federation. They studied indicators of additional scales of MMPI test, questionnaires, interviews, materials of personal files, court decisions (verdicts), disciplinary practice, penitentiary and criminal law characteristics, and made a number of conclusions. First, the results allowed the authors to verify a number of hypotheses on personal characteristics of terrorists and extremists analyzed by psychologists and criminologists. Second, generalized characteristics of persons convicted for terrorism and extremism crimes acquired through the use of additional MMPI scales proved and supplemented similar results from the basic scales of this methodology. Specifically, the authors found proof of a prominent conversion type of the personality profile of examined individuals manifested in a number of ambivalent conditions and aspirations. Third, the results also allowed to define key characteristics of the substructure of personality orientation of convicts of this category: amorality in their value system; following their own convictions, personal norms and principles; immunity against any moral authority; conviction that only their actions, deeds and life in general are the right ones, disregard for social values. Fourth, field data showed that it is necessary to single out one more (a third) subcategory of convicts who committed combined extremism-terrorism crimes. Based on the definition of this subcategory, such convicts committed several (two or more) crimes of both extremism and terrorism nature as part of one criminal case and, correspondingly, one court decision (verdict). A targeted approach to the correction and prevention work with this category of criminals convicted for terrorism and extremism crimes makes it necessary to examine the characteristics of each subcategory of convicts included in this category.

scholarly journals Middle Sarmatian Burial Complex from Opushki Necropolis, the Crimea

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Stanislav Shabanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Northern Caucasus ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
South West ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds

The Necropolis of Opushki is located in approximately 15 km to the east from Simferopol, 2–2,5 km to the south-west from the village of Opushki of Mazanka Rural Settlement in Crimea. Illegal excavations have been conducted on the territory of the cemetery since 2002. More than 200 burials constructions were destroyed as a result of grave robbers actions on the territory of about 3 hectares. Scientific researches of the necropolis were conducted in 2003 – 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013–2014, 2016–2020. During this period, more than 300 burials of different types have been uncovered (crypts, simple pit graves, shaft-and-chambers graves, slab graves and cist tomb). Judging by excavated sites, the cemetery was in continuous use from the 1st century BC until the 4th century AD. Among the researched burial constructions there are crypts typical for the Late Scythian period, middle and late Sarmatian burials, crypts influenced by the Northern Caucasus Alans arriving in Crimea, cremation performed by German tradition. The paper is devoted to the middle Sarmatian paired burial in the grave № 233 excavated in 2018. The assemblage of grave goods from that grave is quite various and informative: bronze fibulae, bronze and iron bracelets, red slip pottery, beads. The chronology of the burial assemblage may be defined as the second half of the 1st – first half of the 2nd centuries AD. The funeral rite of paired burials is not typical for the tradition of individual burials in first centuries, although its features are found in the burial grounds of the Central and South-Western Crimea. This funeral rite is associated with the issues of family structure and social relations in the late Scythian society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document