scholarly journals Polish popular science journals since the 18th century until the year 1939 (assumptions of a research project)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Wrona ◽  
Agnieszka Cieślik ◽  
Ewa Wójcik ◽  
Renata M. Zając ◽  
Dorota Kamisińska
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Research Project

The Scientific Sublime

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Rachel Carson ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
Stephen Jay Gould ◽  
Stephen Hawking

The sublime evokes our awe, our terror, and our wonder. Applied first in ancient Greece to the heights of literary expression, in the 18th-century the sublime was extended to nature and to the sciences, enterprises that viewed the natural world as a manifestation of God's goodness, power, and wisdom. In The Scientific Sublime, Alan Gross reveals the modern-day sublime in popular science. He shows how the great popular scientists of our time--Richard Feynman, Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg, Brian Greene, Lisa Randall, Rachel Carson, Stephen Jay Gould, Steven Pinker, Richard Dawkins, and E. O. Wilson--evoke the sublime in response to fundamental questions: How did the universe begin? How did life? How did language? These authors maintain a tradition initiated by Joseph Addison, Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, and Adam Smith, towering 18th-century figures who adapted the literary sublime first to nature, then to science--though with one crucial difference: religion has been replaced wholly by science. In a final chapter, Gross explores science's attack on religion, an assault that attempts to sweep permanently under the rug two questions science cannot answer: What is the meaning of life? What is the meaning of the good life?

Cello in the Baroque, part 1

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 9-42
Author(s):  
Jakub Kościukiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Performance Practice ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Basso Continuo ◽  
Viola Da Gamba ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tuning Methods ◽  
Solo Instrument

The article was based on a fragment of the author’s doctoral dissertation entitled The birth of cello as a solo instrument – instruments, practice, and selected literature examples (Academy of Music in Łódź, chapter The evolution of cello in the 17th century) and consists of two parts. The first part outlines of the evolution of cello from its birth in the 16th century to the 18th century (the text is supplemented with illustrations), whereas the second part describes the role and use of cello in music of that period. The introduction to the article includes a critical reference to the list of academic and popular science publications therein, in Polish and other languages, touching on the cello issue in the 17th and 18th centuries. The historical part touches on the circumstances of how the violin family emerged with a special attention paid to bass representatives of that group of instruments. Following a detailed analysis of preserved instruments, their reliable copies, luthier publications, illustrations and treatises from that period, the author discussed the construction of the earlies cellos. Apart from data concerning sizes and scale length of these instruments, the article includes information about their body, neck, fingerboard (with slope angle), bridge and tailpiece, materials they were made of, and types and gauge of strings used at that time. It also describes cello tuning methods. Moreover, the author mentions different types of cello (piccolo, da spalla, basse de violon) and different ways of how it was held. A separate issue are the bows, especially types of bows, their evolution and ways of holding. This part of the article is concluded with a list of different names of bass variants of the violin used in the 16th and 17th centuries before the name cello/violoncello finally settled. The second part of the article elaborates on the most important functions of cello: as a consort instrument, a universal continuo instrument or a solo instrument. Cello (along with viola da gamba or dulcian/bassoon) managed especially well as a melodic instrument co-rendering the continuo parts, and the result was that the basso continuo became the most important domain of cello in the Baroque, having a significant influence on the shape of playing technique and performance practice of that instrument. As one of melodic bass instruments, cello performed an important role in shaping the concertante style, along with the violin, shawm/oboe, cornet or flute. It was that practice combined with the improvisation practice developed simultaneously (which also influenced the development of the instrument itself) that the idea to write first autonomous compositions for the cello (solo, chamber or with basso continuo) emerged from at the end of the 17th century. Continuation of this article, which shall be devoted to Baroque works for the cello and their composers, will be published in the following issue of “Notes Muzyczny”.

ON THE FIRST ARTICLE FROM THE RUSSIAN HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-106
Author(s):  
Galina I. Sinkevich ◽  
◽  
Olga V. Solov'eva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Sciences ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is a publication of the first Russian printed work on the Russian history of mathematics. It is dedicated to the ancient Russian numeral systems and was published anonymously in 1787 in the “New monthly works” of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The author tells about the Old Russian numeral system, Russian calendar and commercial account. In the popular science editions of the 18th century Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences there were many publications on the history of sciences, arts, crafts, the history of discoveries and inventions in other countries. At the same time, there was a clear lack of publications on the history of Russian culture. Russian scientists were dissatisfied with the interpretation of Russian history presented by the historiographer of the Russian state, an academician G. F. Müller, as well as with descriptions of Russia and its history by other foreign authors. In the Catherine’s time, many articles appeared, sometimes anonymous, defending the originality and ancientry of Russian culture. To analyze the data on the authorship of the work, the popular scientific editions of Academy in the 18th century and are described, information about their authors is presented, hypotheses are expressed, and the terminology of the article and the names mentioned in it are commented.

TRANSLATION OF LINGVOTERRITORIAL DICTIONARY OF LATGALE INTO LATGALIAN: CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION

Via Latgalica ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Sandra Ūdre ◽  
Ivars Magazeiņs
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Cooked Food ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

The translation of the “Linguoterritorial Dictionary of Latgale” into the Latgalian language (one of 4 languages of the dictionary) is the biggest large-volume comprehensive set of existent Latgalian texts in the Latgalian orthography of 2007. The subject matter of the entries of this dictionary covers almost all spheres of life and even reveals style nuances within the framework of popular science texts, so the texts may sometimes seem to be radical and unprecedentedly innovative. The translators would be happy to keep to the current orthographic norms and practice-fixed options of Latgalian, however, answers to the numerous problematic issues (the display of Latvian personal names, palatalization/ softening of foreign words, suffix endings of less- used nouns, etc.) cannot be found in the sources known to specialists working with Latgalian literary/ written language, and sometimes may be resolved through individual consultations with experts of the Latgalian language This shows the need to resume / renew the work of the subcomission of Latgalian written language, as well as the necessity of a modern Latgalian spelling dictionary. Regarding lexical issues, the translators are aware that Latgalian texts may always be "pulled in one specific direction”, and then the right arguments are found: 1) in the direction of Lithuanian culture layer (understanding of the basis of the Balts parent language), in the direction of Slavic culture layer (recognition of the natural historical reality when Polish or Russian dominated in Latgale, retaining their influence), in the direction of Latvian (definition of the national identity), 2) it is possible to “fall into the ditch” of neologisms or archaisms, 3) it is also possible to overestimate the role of the recipient (understanding or non-acceptance). The observation of the “golden midway” seemed to be the most difficult challenge. During the search for more accurate equivalents, the synonym group was always determined, as well as compliance of the dominated seme with any context was weighted. The choice of equivalents is made easy not by the richness of the synonym group, but by the oppositional character of their meanings (Rozenbergs 1995: 153). This paper describes the realized principles and most typical cases during the translator work. First, individual style of translators is preserved, therefore in the use of neutral lexemes in the “Linguoterritorial Dictionary of Latgale” synonymy is allowed, which is non-determined by other criteria, such as: saulis grīžki / saulis meitovys ‘solstice’, ci/voi ‘or’, nedeļa/savaite ‘week’, gastēt/cīmuotīs ‘to be visiting’. Second, in other cases, when a number of Latgalian equivalents correspond to only one Latvian equivalent, the qualitative difference of synonyms was searched for (on the functional level and seme level). For example: 1) there are three Latgalian equivalents to Latvian "tulkot” ‘translate, interpret’, one of which “tulkuot” (respectively tulkuojums, tulkuotuojs ‘translation, translator’) is used to denote professional translation, however “puorlikt” (calque of germanism “übersetzen”) is used, when speaking about the translations of sacred/ spiritual texts of the 18th century. In its turn, “atvērst” (compare with Lithuanian “versti”) is not used due to the misleading homonymy with Latvian “vērst” ‘to turn, direct, point); 2) Latvian word "saimniecība” ‘economy, industry, farm, housekeeping’ in Latgalian texts corresponds to saimnīceiba "zyvu saimnīceiba” ‘fish industry’ as well as to saimisteiba "zemnīku saimesteiba” (farm, resp. economic entity); 3) Latvian "deja” ‘dance’ - Latgalian "dzyga" as an ethnographic dance, "daņcs” as any dance, "deja” in usual compound names (e.g. Dzīšmu i deju svātki) 4) Latvian "virsnieks” ‘military officer’ – Latgalian "oficers” and not "viersnīks” in order to avoid the misunderstood homonymy with the Latgalian lexeme “vierseiba / vierseibnīks” ‘management, authorities / boss’. Third, etymological specificity of Latgalian equivalent may limit its use, and in other contexts another lexeme has to be used, e. g. the denotative seme of the Latvian lexeme "zupa” is - ‘liquid food, meal’, but Latgalian “virīņs” – 'cooked food/meal’, so in the word combination "soltuo zupa” ‘cold soup’ another lexeme "zupa” is necessary. It is usual, that “behavior” against occasionalisms is favorable in artistic texts, but they are irrelevant/ impertinent in scientific and popular style. However, translators took the liberty to use not only widely accepted neologisms (e. g. “škārsteiklys” ‘internet’), but also to offer their own occasional neologisms (dreizynuot, mudrynuot ‘to accelerate, to speed on’, tuoļuokuot ‘to continue’, parūceibys ‘advantage’, sasprīdums ‘decision’, pasavierieji ‘spectators, onlookers’, ītums ‘course of life; annual, day, week set’, apdzeive ‘ancient settlement’, breinuojums ‘astonishment, wonder’, pasūlejumu palete ‘a set of offers’, zeimyns ‘brand, trade mark’, makšariešona ‘fishing, angling’, daīmameiba ‘accessibility, availability’, seneiba ‘ancient times’, augzeme ‘top soil’, perekļuot ‘to nest’, svešlītyns ‘foreign body’). However, the following principle, that is firmly adhered, is that new word / formation/derivation is recognizable by the root and experimental by affixes.

scholarly journals Russian Printed Paskhalistic Books of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
S.V. Tsyb ◽  
T.V. Kaigorodova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the process of transformation of the old handwritten tradition of describing Paskhaliya into a printed one. Understanding the calculations of the day of Easter was important for the daily life of the population of Ancient Rus, and therefore Old Russian writers paid attention to describing the rules of Easter calculations. For a long time, these descriptions took the form of handwritten manuscripts. After the reforms of Peter the Great in Russia, works of this genre began to take the form of printed editions. The authors aim to consider the features of the transformation of the handwritten manuscripts into modern books. As part of study, it has been found that the descriptions of Paskhaliya, published in the typographic way first, tried to repeat the handwritten samples, but then began to turn into popular descriptions of the rules for calculating Easter. Moreover, the authors of these writings looked to the development of new ways of calculating the dates of the Easter celebration. It has been linked to the fact that after the authors-priests (18th century), secular writers (journalists, officials, officers, etc.) joined the genre of describing Paskhaliya in the first half of the 19th century. The way of transformation of Paskhalistics into an entertaining genre of popular-science literature became likely, but in the second half of the 19th century the representatives of academic science restored the scientific status of this field of knowledge. At present, the achievements of the science of Paskhaliya have become an important element in the study of the chronology of ancient Russian history. In modern science, studying the history of timekeeping, Paskhalistics became one of the necessary elements for studying the chronology of ancient Russian history. It can be recognized that the printed editions of Paskhaliya played an important role in the development of modern chronological science.

scholarly journals »Was sich der Wald erzählt« von Gustav zu Putlitz

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Maren Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Children's Literature ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Specific Subset ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
The Universe

Artikelbeginn:[English title and abstract below] Im Jahr 1866 veröffentlicht Theodor Storm im Verlag Gebrüder Paetel in Berlin seinen Band Drei Märchen. Dieser erfährt von seinen sonst mehr als eifrigen Rezensenten so wenig Beachtung, dass Storm am 2. Februar 1873 in einem Brief an die Verleger zur geplanten Neuauflage des Bandes klagt: »Bei der Antipathie des Publicums gegen das Wort ›Märchen‹ – die Leute wittern dann gleich wirkliche, pure Poësie, wovor sie eine unglaubliche Angst haben –, hätte das Buch einen anderen Titel haben sollen« (Berbig 2006, S. 52). Die geplante Titeländerung setzt Storm dann auch konsequent um und wiederholt die Klage über den schlechten Ruf des Märchens auch im Vorwort des von ihm programmatisch umgetauften Märchenbandes, der jetzt Geschichten aus der Tonne heißt (vgl. Conrad 2018). Gustav zu Putlitz’s What Was Said in the WoodsOn ›Precarious Literature‹ and ›Precarious Knowledge‹ in Children’s Literature around the 1850s This article focusses on the collection of fairy tales Was sich der Wald erzählt. Ein Märchenstrauß (1850) [What Was Said in the Woods (1851)] by Gustav zu Putlitz, reading it as an exemplary text for a corpus of forgotten children’s literature of the nineteenth century. Towards the end of that century, a popular ›cosmos literature‹ emerged, initially in the form of interpretations of Alexander von Humboldt’s Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe (1845 – 1862), later as prose which propagated a form of (popular) science which deviated completely from the modern understanding of science. This specific subset of noncanonised texts can be conceived as ›precarious literature,‹ based on Martin Mulsow’s concept of ›precarious knowledge.‹ This article presents the preliminary findings of a research project that aims to systematise, as ›precarious literature,‹ texts of nineteenth century children’s literature which were then highly regarded, influential and widely read but are today largely forgotten. The reason postulated is that this literature contains knowledge which was, at that time, ›precarious.‹ The research project endeavours to understand precarious literature as a noncanonical sociocultural space in which controversial fields of knowledge and their dynamics are coded, still waiting to be unlocked.

scholarly journals A study of economic inequality in the light of fiscal sources: the case of Catalonia (14th-18th centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-167
Author(s):  
Jordi Morelló Baget ◽  
Pere Orti Gost ◽  
Albert Reixach Sala ◽  
Pere Verdés Pijuan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Rich

This essay aims to present the first results of an ongoing research project devoted to study the evolution of the economic inequality in Catalonia based on different documentary sources and parameters. Here we focus on the strengths and limits of the rich fiscal sources preserved between the 14th and 18th century allowing us an analysis of inequality. This study is limited to the period before 1716 because we do not consider totally reliable connecting data from taxes before this moment, essentially focused on immovable wealth, with those from the Cadastre, which was levied on a wide range of incomes.

scholarly journals 300 years of bodies and corsets in their rhythmic manifestations

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Marilia Jardim
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Visual Dimension ◽  
The Future ◽  
Selection Of

The article reflects on a research project analysing 300 years of the practice ofconstraining the feminine torso, aiming at presenting the theories supporting the investigationto expose how their intersection and articulation could become a method for analysing fashionobjects. Stemming from the semiotics works concerned with the plastic of objects, mainlythe theories proposed by Greimas and further developed by Floch and Oliveira, we present anaddress of Fashion beyond its visual dimension, exploring the manners in which the relationsbetween the body and its dress are problems of discourse and narrative interactions, returningto Greimas’ Standard Semiotics and Landowski’s Socio-semiotics. The combination of theoriespresented in this piece was used to examine a corpus of feminine apparatuses utilised to reshapea woman’s silhouette throughout history, from the 18th century to the present, such ascorsets and crinolines, as well as various other types of shapewear, in combination with theanalysis of supporting texts, such as Artworks, literary works, pieces of popular culture andadvertisement. The work presents the steps of the investigation taking place between 2012and 2014 – the selection of the corpus and its analysis – and the future developments stemmingfrom that first exam, bringing about a reconstruction of the work and its results as a methodologicproposition that can serve the analysis of sartorial objects but is equally pertinent to theanalysis of any other manifestation that is subjected to rhythmic changes.

The Proposal of a Prince or Delegation of a Duke? Britain’s Involvement in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Dale
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Historical Investigation

Out of concern for maintaining a ‘balance of power’ between states, the major European powers in the 18th century were continually shifting alliances with each other in what has been referred to as a “stately quadrille” (a quadrille being a dance characterized by a constant changing of partners). Most synonymous with this notion are the events of early 1756, a few months before the outbreak of the Seven Years War, where there was a dramatic reversal of alliances. It saw Austria and France put aside their centuries-old rivalry in response to an equally unlikely alliance between Britain and Prussia. This ‘diplomatic revolution’, as it has since been known, is often attributed to the clever machinations of the Austrian Prince Kaunitz who sought to dislodge France from their previous alliance with Prussia to win an alliance with France for himself. However, my research project seeks to emphasize Britain’s role in this affair, where I will illustrate that the Duke of Newcastle, despite being adamant on continuing the ‘old system’, nonetheless contributed significantly to actualizing this reversal. Throughout this project, I have faced many exciting challenges that have led me to a fuller understanding of what actually constitutes ‘historical investigation’. I find this to be especially true with the experience of thoroughly examining and responding to the full historiography of a particular topic; something that was both a challenging but immensely rewarding experience.

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