scholarly journals ONSITE GRAYWATER RECLAMATION TOWARDS ALLEVIATING WATER SHORTAGES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAJDI ABOU NAJM ◽  
HISHAM HASAN ◽  
IBRAHIM ALAMEDDINE ◽  
MUTASEM EL-FADEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level

Water management problems and solutions in a residential community of Al-Mafraq city, Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1371-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Saad M. AlAyyash ◽  
Fatima A. Bani Khaled
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study aims to investigate existing water management problems and potential solutions in the Al-Mafraq Governorate of Jordan, and to examine public awareness of water demand management at the household level. A questionnaire survey captured residents' perceptions of water quantity and quality. Results showed that 71% of respondents find the water pumped from the public system to be insufficient, and 40.9% find that water laws and regulations are implemented ineffectively. The study also showed that 85% of respondents are dependent upon groundwater wells, and 42.5% of respondents have suffered water contamination. Water quality is degraded due to pollution caused by solid waste and liquids, and salinity is increased due to the over-pumping and depletion of groundwater resources. The study recommends that the government incentivize residents to harvest water to deal with water shortages, religious motivations be explored in water conservation efforts, and water authorities should repair or replace old pipelines.

scholarly journals Determinants of Adoption Decisions of Water Harvesting Structures Among Pastoral Areas of Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphayo Lutta ◽  
Oliver Vivian Wasonga ◽  
Moses Nyangito ◽  
Falendra Kumar Sudan ◽  
Lance Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
Water Harvesting Structures

Abstract BackgroundThe arid and semi-arid lands are affected inherently by unpredictable rainfall and frequent droughts, which are exacerbated by climate change. This has resulted in deterioration of land resources, leading to forage and water shortages that negatively impact on livestock productivity. To cope with these climatic hazards that affect agricultural production and food security in pastoral areas, on farm adaptation strategies such as water harvesting initiatives are being supported by development agencies and governments. Some of these strategies have not been able to produce the desired levels of productivity and thus have failed to improve the welfare of the pastoral communities or prevent rangelands from deteriorating due to low adoption rates at household level.ResultsThis study determined social, economic and institutional factors influencing the adoption of water harvesting systems at household level in pastoral areas of Tana River County of Kenya. The data was collected through household survey, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The results show that access to extension services and training, monthly income level, main source of livelihood, land tenure system, membership in community groups and availability of active farm labor significantly influenced the adoption of water harvesting structures which need a combination of technical efficiency with low cost and acceptability to pastoral communities.ConclusionPastoralists therefore need to be mobilized and trained on how to construct and use water harvesting structures and sensitized on the potential socioeconomic benefits of adopting them.

Understanding and solving water security in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Zhaniya Khaibullina
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Technical Program ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Republic

Awareness of the special role of water and its exceptional social significance in terms of human rights to safe and reasonably clean water has become the basis for solving the problem of ensuring water security. In terms of water availability, Kazakhstan is one of the most scarce countries in Central Asia. Despite the fact that the Institute of Geography initiated the development of a specialized scientific and technical program “Resource Assessment and Forecast of the Use of Natural Waters of Kazakhstan under Anthropogenic and Climate-related Changes”, supported by the Secretariat of the Security Council and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, issues of water supply regulation in the country, water savings even at the household level remain open. Kazakhstan continues to experience water shortages. In this article, the author tried to identify the main causes of water shortages in Kazakhstan and give a list of recommendations.

scholarly journals ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING: ALLEVIATING WATER SHORTAGES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
IBRAHIM ALAMEDDINE ◽  
AMANI MAJZOUB ◽  
MAJDI ABOU NAJM ◽  
MUTASEM EL-FADEL
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

Generation and analysis of biogas from kitchen waste at a small scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Md. Kumail Naqvi ◽  
Mrinal Anthwal ◽  
Ravindra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Replacement Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Small Period

Biogas is the product of anaerobic vitiation of biodegradable matter. This paper focuses on the need of alternative and green sources of energy at a household level and how biogas produced from the everyday organic waste has the potential and possibility to replace LPG cylinders at houses, shops etc. and empower us to step towards an eco-friendly future. The purpose this small-scale experiment has been to find the perfect input matter that is easy to acquire and which produces the maximum amount of gas from minimum input and within small period of waste retention. Four different types of input waste material containing different quantities of cow dung and kitchen food waste were studied through individual experimental setups. Waste was mixed and kept at room temperature and the pH and total solid concentration of the samples were recorded on regular intervals. From the experiment it was found that the optimum yield of biogas at a small scale, based on the parameters such as retention period, pH and total solid con-centration can be obtained by the use of food waste form households and kitchens. The exact composition has been discussed in this paper. The energy generated by the small-scale generator has also been compared to that of an LPG cylinder and an LPG replacement model has also been presented.

Transforming the Rural Agricultural Landscape Through Groundwater Optimisation: Exploring A Chinese-South African Partnership

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Dorasamy ◽  
Olayemi Bakre
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Kwazulu Natal

The majority of the South African rural populace is directly or indirectly engaged in agricultural practices to earn a livelihood. However, impediments such as climate change, water shortages, and inadequacy of institutional support have undermined these once thriving subsistence farming communities. Furthermore, poor leadership in hydrology, coupled with a lack of depth in skills at all government levels to facilitate the understanding of the importance of groundwater, has made it near impossible for subsistence farmers to benefit optimally from groundwater. The 2012 drought experienced in South Africa paralysed several subsistence farming communities in KwaZulu-Natal. To revamp subsistence farming and assist these farmers across South Africa, the Department of Water and Sanitation launched interventions, but despite the enormous resources expended, indicators (e.g. unsustainable farming practices, poor crop yield, pitiable living conditions, and poor standards of living) provide evidence that these interventions have not yielded the desired results. This paper seeks to suggest practicable interventions aimed at reducing the vulnerability of subsistence farmers in KwaZulu-Natal. The study pursued a qualitative approach in that it solicited the views of experts on groundwater and in related fields to gain an in-depth perspective. Some of the core challenges undermining the sustainability and growth of subsistence farming in the study area were found to be the inadequacy of experts on groundwater, water shortages, institutional deficiencies, lack of political will, and lack of coordination among stakeholders. Pragmatic recommendations are made to address these challenges, among other things to encourage a South African-Chinese partnership in the hydrology sector.

Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-570
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Fertility Behaviour ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Difference

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.

Hasty Pudding Versus Tasty Bread: Regional Variations in Diet and Nutrition during the Industrial Revolution

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell ◽  
Deborah Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Nutritional Score

Using parish-level information from Sir F.M. Eden's The state of the poor (1797) we can identify typical diets for the counties of England. These diets varied considerably and afforded very different standards of nutrition. We compute a nutritional score for this diet, paying attention to the presence of vitamins, minerals and micronutrients shown to be essential for health and growth in constructing this measure. Other information in the reports allows us to relate county-level nutrition to factors in the local economy. In particular we find nutrition was positively related to the availability of common land in the area and to women's remunerated work if conducted from home. Lack of common land and little local supply of dairy products also pushed households into buying white wheaten bread rather than baking their own wholemeal loaf. Replicating some of this analysis with household-level data confirms these results. Diet also maps onto stature: male convicts to Australia were significantly taller if they originated in a county with a more nutritious diet. This verifies the important impact of nutrition on stature and demonstrates the sensitivity of height as a measure of key aspects of welfare.

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