The effects of nutritional support for premature babies with ELBW and VLBW with hypoxic damage to the central nervous system

Objective: Effect of nutritional support for preterm infants with very low (VLBW) and extremely low body (ELBW) weight with hypoxic damage of the central nervous system (CNS) of varying severity is not well elucidated. The aim of this investigation is to study clinical, laboratory, neurosonography and electroencephalography characteristics of preterm infants with VLBW and ELBW with hypoxic of CNS on complex comprehensive nutritional support, diagnostic criteria of which were infants body weight gain, increase in growth and head circumference Methods: Criteria of including into the study were VLBW and ELBW of an infant at birth and hypoxic damage to the CNS. Overall, 254 preterm infants born at the term of 23-24 weeks of gestation with body weight at birth less than 1500 grams were included into the prospective study. All patients underwent anthropometric and clinical observation of height, weight, head circumference and body mass index till 50 weeks of postconceptual age with following evaluation by central curves; standard laboratory and biochemical blood analyses, neurosonography and electroencephalography. Data analysis of further growth of observed infants after discharge from hospital was made in 2017-2019 years on the basis of studying of stationary cards. Results: In the ELBW group with severe level of hypoxic damage to the CNS, optimum gain was 20-22 g/kg/daily, which allowed to avoid complications on the alimentary tract; in the VLBW group with severe degree it was 16-18g/kg/daily during the first three months of life. In the ELBW and VLBW groups of children with moderate degree of hypoxic damage the desired gain did not differ and was at the level of 20-25 g/kg/daily. Physiological body weight gain in infants with VLBW and ELBW according to gestational time is connected with favorable somatic and neurological prognosis in these infants. Calculation of calorie intake, selection of the type of feeding for infants with ELBW and with VLBW according to recommendations made by ESPGHAN (2010) ensures positive anthropometric data dynamics without metabolic disruptions. Conclusion: Physiological body weight gain according to gestation period is connected with favorable somatic and neurological prognosis in these infants.

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NPY ablation in C57BL/6 mice leads to mild obesity and to an impaired refeeding response to fasting

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00491.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (6) ◽

pp. E1131-E1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Gabriella Segal-Lieberman ◽

Daniel J. Trombly ◽

Viral Juthani ◽

Xiaomei Wang ◽

Eleftheria Maratos-Flier

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Mixed Genetic Background ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Mild Obesity

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) peptide that plays an important role in regulating energy balance. When administered directly into the central nervous system, animals exhibit an immediate increase in feeding behavior, and repetitive injections or chronic infusions lead to obesity. Surprisingly, initial studies of Npy−/− mice on a mixed genetic background did not reveal deficits in energy balance, with the exception of an attenuation in obesity seen in ob/ob mice in which the NPY gene was also deleted. Here, we show that, on a C57BL/6 background, NPY ablation is associated with an increase in body weight and adiposity and a significant defect in refeeding after a fast. This impaired refeeding response in Npy−/− mice resulted in a deficit in weight gain in these animals after 24 h of refeeding. These data indicate that genetic background must be taken into account when the biological role of NPY is evaluated. When examined on a C57BL/6 background, NPY is important for the normal refeeding response after starvation, and its absence promotes mild obesity.

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Effect of early introduction of minimal enteral feeding on growth and rate of achieving optimal nutritive intake in very low birth weight preterm infants

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh160205024m ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (7-8) ◽

pp. 336-339

Author(s):

Vesna Marinkovic ◽

Niveska Bozinovic-Prekajski ◽

Milica Rankovic-Janevski ◽

Zorica Jelic ◽

Vesna Hajdarpasic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Body Length ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Early Introduction

Introduction/Objective. Minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) has an important stimulative effect on morphological and functional development of gastrointestinal system in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to assess effects of early introduced MEN on rate of achieving optimal enteral nutritive intake and on body weight, body length, and head circumference gain in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants. Methods. This prospective study included 45 VLBW newborns (1,010?1,450; 1,350 ? 305 g), in 30 newborns MEN was introduced within three days after birth, and in 15 newborns enteral intake was introduced after five days due to hemodynamic and metabolic instability. Assessment of effect of early MEN introduction on the rate of achieving optimal nutritive intake and gain in basic anthropometric parameters was based on comparison with a group of subjects who had a delayed MEN introduction. Results. Subjects in which MEN was introduced early on had better weight gain (p < 0.05), reached birth weight sooner (p < 0.05), and achieved optimal enteral intake much sooner (p < 0.05), compared to subjects with delayed MEN introduction. The difference in body length gain and head circumference gain was not significant. Conclusion. Early introduction of MEN has a significant positive effect on rate of body weight gain and on earlier achievement of optimal enteral intake in VLBW preterm infants.

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Disrupted Leptin Signaling in the Lateral Hypothalamus and Ventral Premammillary Nucleus Alters Insulin and Glucagon Secretion and Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2015-1998 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 157 (7) ◽

pp. 2671-2685 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Heather C. Denroche ◽

Maria M. Glavas ◽

Eva Tudurí ◽

Subashini Karunakaran ◽

Whitney L. Quong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucagon Secretion ◽

Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽

Leptin Signaling ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

The Central Nervous System

Leptin signaling in the central nervous system, and particularly the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, is important for regulating energy and glucose homeostasis. However, the roles of extra-arcuate leptin responsive neurons are less defined. In the current study, we generated mice with widespread inactivation of the long leptin receptor isoform in the central nervous system via Synapsin promoter-driven Cre (Leprflox/flox Syn-cre mice). Within the hypothalamus, leptin signaling was disrupted in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) but remained intact in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. To investigate the role of LHA/PMV neuronal leptin signaling, we examined glucose and energy homeostasis in Leprflox/flox Syn-cre mice and Leprflox/flox littermates under basal and diet-induced obese conditions and tested the role of LHA/PMV neurons in leptin-mediated glucose lowering in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Leprflox/flox Syn-cre mice did not have altered body weight or blood glucose levels but were hyperinsulinemic and had enhanced glucagon secretion in response to experimental hypoglycemia. Surprisingly, when placed on a high-fat diet, Leprflox/flox Syn-cre mice were protected from weight gain, glucose intolerance, and diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. Peripheral leptin administration lowered blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Leprflox/flox Syn-cre mice as effectively as in Leprflox/flox littermate controls. Collectively these findings suggest that leptin signaling in LHA/PMV neurons is not critical for regulating glucose levels but has an indispensable role in the regulation of insulin and glucagon levels and, may promote the development of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and weight gain.

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Oestrogenic effects of neonatal administration of raloxifene on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male and female rats

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep.0.1210915 ◽

2001 ◽

pp. 915-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L Pinilla ◽

LC Gonzalez ◽

F Gaytan ◽

M Tena-Sempere ◽

E Aguilar

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Oestrogen Receptor ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Neonatal Administration

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators constitute a family of drugs that are used increasingly in the management of oestrogen-associated pathology. Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that is used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. The actions of raloxifene on bone, breast, uterus and serum cholesterol concentrations have been widely analysed, but very few studies have investigated the possible actions of this drug on the central nervous system. The central nervous system of the newborn rat is very sensitive to oestrogen action. In this study a series of experiments was conducted to analyse the effects of different doses of raloxifene (50, 100, 250 or 500 microg per rat per day) administered to neonatal rats on days 1-5 of age. Female rats treated with raloxifene showed decreased gonadotrophin secretion, hyperprolactinaemia, advanced vaginal opening, decreased body weight, persistent presence of cornified epithelial cells in vaginal smears, anovulation, inhibition of positive feedback between oestradiol and LH, and infertility. Male rats showed delayed balanopreputial separation, reduced body weight and hyperprolactinaemia. All these changes resemble those obtained after neonatal administration of oestradiol benzoate, thus indicating, for the first time, that raloxifene exerts an oestrogenic action on the hypothalamic-pituitary structures controlling reproductive function in rats.

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Insulin: its relationship to the central nervous system and to the control of food intake and body weight

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/42.5.1063 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 1063-1071 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

S C Woods ◽

D Porte ◽

E Bobbioni ◽

E Ionescu ◽

J F Sauter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics of efavirenz 400 or 600 mg in 184 treatment-naive HIV-infected patients in China

Pharmacogenomics ◽

10.2217/pgs-2019-0169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 945-956

Author(s):

Rong Chen ◽

Jun Chen ◽

Jingna Xun ◽

Zhiliang Hu ◽

Qiong Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Dose Group ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Treatment Naïve ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

To Receive

Background: The pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of 400 mg efavirenz have rarely been reported. Materials & methods: A total of 184 treatment-naive HIV-infected patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a lower dose (tenofovir disoproxil 200 mg, efavirenz 400 mg and lamivudine) or a standard dose regimen. Relationships between pharmacogenomics and efavirenz pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics were explored at 48 weeks. Results: There was no relationship between pharmacogenomics and adverse reactions of the central nervous system and antiretoviral efficacy. CYP2B6 516G>T, 785A>G, 18492C>T and ABCB1 3435C>T T/C were associated with higher efavirenz plasma levels in the standard but not the lower dose group. No relationship was found between pharmacogenomics and antiretoviral efficacy. Patients who were <60 kg had higher efavirenz concentration compared with those with weight ≥60 kg when using 600 mg efavirenz, this was not observed with 400 mg efavirenz. Conclusion: The effect of pharmacogenomics and body weight on the efavirenz concentration was significant in the 600 mg group but not in the 400 mg group.

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High doses of cefotaxime in treatment of adult meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.40.1.218 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 218-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

P F Viladrich ◽

C Cabellos ◽

R Pallares ◽

F Tubau ◽

J Martínez-Lacasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Adjunctive Therapy ◽

Maximum Dose ◽

Central Nervous System Infection ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

High Doses

We treated nine patients (10 episodes) with meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins with high doses of cefotaxime (300 mg/kg of body weight per day; maximum dose, 24 g/day). Early adjunctive therapy with dexamethasone was also administered. Cefotaxime MICs were 0.5 (three episodes), 1 (five episodes), and 2 (two episodes) micrograms/ml, and MBCs ranged from 1 to 4 micrograms/ml. Therapy was well tolerated, and all patients experienced prompt clinical improvement. One patient died 8 days after the end of therapy, the central nervous system infection had already been cured, and the remaining patients recovered without relapses.

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Insulin in the Central Nervous System: A Regulator of Appetite and Body Weight

Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factors, and Their Receptors in the Central Nervous System ◽

10.1007/978-1-4684-5380-5_12 ◽

1987 ◽

pp. 151-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dianne P. Figlewicz ◽

Stephen C. Woods ◽

Denis G. Baskin ◽

Daniel M. Dorsa ◽

Barbara J. Wilcox ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

System A ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Central nervous system: cholesterol turnover, brain development and neurodegeneration

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/bc.2009.035 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 390 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

John M. Dietschy

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Body Weight ◽

Brain Development ◽

Cholesterol Synthesis ◽

De Novo ◽

Brain Size ◽

Average Amount ◽

Early Brain Development ◽

The Central Nervous System

Abstract The average amount of cholesterol in the whole animal equals approximately 2100 mg/kg body weight, and 15% and 23% of this sterol in the mouse and human, respectively, is found in the central nervous system. There is no detectable uptake across the blood-brain barrier of cholesterol carried in lipoproteins in the plasma, even in the newborn. However, high rates of de novo cholesterol synthesis in the glia and neurons provide the sterol necessary for early brain development. Once a stable brain size is achieved in the adult, cholesterol synthesis continues, albeit at a much lower rate, and this synthesis is just balanced by the excretion of an equal amount of sterol, either as 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol or, presumably, as cholesterol itself.

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