Test-Retest Reliability of Eccentric Peak Torque Values for Shoulder Medial and Lateral Rotation Using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer

Abstract Swimming motor patterns lead internal rotators to grow stronger than antagonist muscles, what may increase the risk of injury in swimmers. Injury prevention often involves the improvement of external rotators strength, as well as the external rotation/internal rotation ratio. The current research aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of shoulder concentric rotation strength in competitive swimmers using an isokinetic dynamometer. The study enrolled 35 competitive swimmers aged between 13 and 19 years. Concentric movements were performed including internal and external rotations of the shoulder joint following the instructions of the standardized protocol. The angular velocity of the test was defined at 60º/s. Outcome measures were peak torque (Nm) and work (J), measured in both, the dominant and non-dominant arms. The external rotation/internal rotation ratio was also calculated. Reliability was excellent for peak torque and work. For the external rotation/internal rotation ratio, the ICC oscillated between 0.744 and 0.860 for the work ratio of the non-dominant arm and the peak torque ratio of the dominant arm, respectively. In general terms, better reliability was observed for peak torque compared with work, for external rotation compared with internal rotation, and for the dominant arm compared with the non-dominant one.

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Isokinetic assessment of knee flexor/extensor muscular strength in elderly women

Revista do Hospital das Clínicas ◽

10.1590/s0041-87812002000400002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 131-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Marcos de Amorim Aquino ◽

Luiz Eugênio Garcez Leme ◽

Marco Martins Amatuzzi ◽

Júlia Maria D'Andréa Greve ◽

Antônio Sérgio A.P. Terreri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Angular Velocity ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Previous History ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Knee Flexor ◽

Torque Values

OBJECTIVE: To assess knee flexor-extensor muscular strength in elderly women with no previous history of musculoskeletal disorders on the lower limbs using an isokinetic dynamometer, in order to obtain data that could be used as a comparative parameter in the evaluation of elderly women with knee disorders, thus facilitating a better rehabilitation of these patients. METHODS: Twenty-six volunteers aged 75 to 83 years were studied using a Cybex® 6000 isokinetic dynamometer. The chosen angular velocity was 60 º/s, and concentric exercise was used for either flexion or extension. The studied parameters were: peak torque, angle of peak torque, and flexor-extensor torque rate. RESULTS: There were no differences between dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) knee peak torque values. This was true for both flexor (D = 42.46 ± 9.09 Nm / ND = 40.65 ± 9.38 Nm) and extensor (D = 76.92 ± 13.97 Nm / ND = 77.65 ± 15.21 Nm) movements. The descriptive statistical analysis of the values obtained for the flexor-extensor peak torque rate and for the angle of occurrence of peak torque was the same for the dominant and nondominant sides. CONCLUSIONS: The values of peak torque for the contralateral side can be used as a reference during rehabilitation of elderly women with acute disease of the knee, and the angular velocity of 60 º/s is proper and safe for isokinetic assessment of elderly people.

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Test-Retest Reliability and the Learning Effect on Isokinetic Fatigue in Female Master’s Cyclists

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.6n.4p.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Jordan M. Glenn ◽

Michelle Gray ◽

Nicole E. Moyen ◽

Jennifer L. Vincenzo ◽

Kylie K. Harmon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Learning Effect ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Time To Peak ◽

Flexion Extension ◽

And Performance ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background: Isokinetic exercise is commonly used as a benchmark for strength and performance. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to establish isokinetic fatigue test-retest reliability and examine the learning effect when testing without familiarization. Methods: 22 masters-aged [53±5 years), competitive female cyclists completed 3 separate 50-repetition knee flexion/extension tests on a Biodex, separated by one-week with no familiarization. Test-retest reliability [intra-class correlation [ICC]), 95% confidence intervals [CI), technical error of measurement [TEM) were calculated. Results: ICCs between trials exhibited excellent reliability during extension [.93–.97) and flexion [.93–.97) for all variables except time to peak torque [ICC=.35 and.45 for extension and flexion, respectively) and fatigue index [ICC=.47 for flexion). Relative TEM was minimal for extension between trial 1 and trial 2 [0.27%–0.97%) and between trial 2 and trial 3 [0.27%–1.45%) for all variables. Similar results were observed for flexion between trial 1 and trial 2 [0.87%–2.45%) and between trial 2 and trial 3 [0.54%–1.10%). No differences [Wilks Λ>.05) existed between trials, indicating no learning effect associated with the tests. Conclusions: There was strong test-retest reliability in masters-aged, female athletes and no learning effect was associated with the Biodex during a knee extension/flexion fatigue protocol.

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Ability of Isokinetic Dynamometer to Predict Isotonic Knee Extension 1-Repetition Maximum

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2018-0396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 616-620

Author(s):

Joseph B. Lesnak ◽

Dillon T. Anderson ◽

Brooke E. Farmer ◽

Dimitrios Katsavelis ◽

Terry L. Grindstaff

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Knee Injury ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Prediction Equation ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Physically Active ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Knee Rehabilitation ◽

Torque Values

Context: Resistance training exercise prescription is often based on exercises performed at a percentage of a 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Following knee injury, there is no consensus when a patient can safely perform 1RM testing. Resistance training programs require the use of higher loads, and loads used in knee injury rehabilitation may be too low to elicit gains in strength and power. A maximum isometric contraction can safely be performed during early stages of knee rehabilitation and has potential to predict an isotonic knee extension 1RM. Objective: To determine whether a 1RM on an isotonic knee extension machine can be predicted from isometric peak torque measurements. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: A total of 20 (12 males and 8 females) healthy, physically active adults. Main Outcome Measures: An isokinetic dynamometer was used to determine isometric peak torque (in N·m). 1RM testing was performed on a knee extension machine. Linear regression was used to develop a prediction equation, and Bland–Altman plots with limits of agreement calculations were used to validate the equation. Results: There was a significant correlation (P < .001, r = .926) between peak torque (283.0 [22.6] N·m) and the knee extension 1RM (69.1 [22.6] kg). The prediction equation overestimated the loads (2.3 [9.1] kg; 95% confidence interval, −15.6 to 20.1 kg). Conclusions: The results show that isometric peak torque values obtained on an isokinetic dynamometer can be used to estimate 1RM values for isotonic knee extension. Although the prediction equation tends to overestimate loads, the relatively wide confidence intervals indicate that results should be viewed with caution.

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Test–Retest Reliability of Biodex System 4 Pro for Isometric Ankle-Eversion and -Inversion Measurement

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.22.3.212 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 212-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gediminas Tankevicius ◽

Donata Lankaite ◽

Aleksandras Krisciunas

Keyword(s):

Outcome Measures ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Peak Torque ◽

University Hospital ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Optimal Position ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Ankle Eversion ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

And Inversion

Context:The lack of knowledge about isometric ankle testing indicates the need for research in this area.Objective:to assess test–retest reliability and to determine the optimal position for isometric ankle-eversion and -inversion testing.Design:Test–retest reliability study. Isometric ankle eversion and inversion were assessed in 3 different dynamometer foot-plate positions: 0°, 7°, and 14° of inversion. Two maximal repetitions were performed at each angle. Both limbs were tested (40 ankles in total). The test was performed 2 times with a period of 7 d between the tests.Setting:University hospital.Participants:The study was carried out on 20 healthy athletes with no history of ankle sprains.Main Outcome Measures:Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1); minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated using a 95% confidence interval. Paired t test was used to measure statistically significant changes, and P <.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Eversion and inversion peak torques showed high ICCs in all 3 angles (ICC values .87–.96, MDC values 3.09–6.81 Nm). Eversion peak torque was the smallest when testing at the 0° angle and gradually increased, reaching maximum values at 14° angle. The increase of eversion peak torque was statistically significant at 7 ° and 14° of inversion. Inversion peak torque showed an opposite pattern—it was the smallest when measured at the 14° angle and increased at the other 2 angles; statistically significant changes were seen only between measures taken at 0° and 14°.Conclusions:Isometric eversion and inversion testing using the Biodex 4 Pro system is a reliable method. The authors suggest that the angle of 7° of inversion is the best for isometric eversion and inversion testing.

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Test-Retest Reliability of the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy ◽

10.2519/jospt.1990.11.7.298 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 298-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 144

Author(s):

David C. Feiring ◽

Todd S. Ellenbecker ◽

Gary L. Derscheid

Keyword(s):

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

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Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of Isometric Knee-Flexion and -Extension Measurement Using 3 Methods of Assessing Muscle Strength

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2013.tr7 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Jenny Toonstra ◽

Carl G. Mattacola

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Effective Means ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Rehabilitation Programs ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Context: Physicians and clinicians need portable, efficient, and cost-effective assessment tools to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs after knee injury. Progress in rehabilitation should be evaluated using valid and reliable measurement methods. Objective: To examine the test-retest reliability of portable fixed dynamometry (PFD), handheld dynamometry (HHD), and isokinetic dynamometry (IKD). In addition, the authors sought to examine the validity of PFD and HHD by comparing differences in peak torque of the knee flexors and extensors to that of the "gold standard" IKD. Design: Repeated measures. Participants: 16 healthy subjects (age 29.3 ± 7.2 y, height 167.4 ± 8.04 cm, mass 73.7 ± 20.0 kg). Main Outcome Measures: The dependent variables were trial (trial 1, trial 2) and instrument (IKD, PFD, and HHD). Results: Test-retest reliability was high for both PFD and IKD. However, fair to poor reliability was found for HHD. There were no differences in peak torque (Nm) between IKD and PFD. However, significant differences in peak torque were observed between IKD and HHD and between PFD and HHD. Conclusions: PFD provides reliable measures of strength and also demonstrates similar output measures as IKD. Its portability, ease of use, and cost provide clinicians an effective means of measuring strength.

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The Reliability and Validity of Ankle Inversion and Everson Torque Measurements from the Kin Com II Isokinetic Dynamometer

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.4.3.210 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 210-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Thomas W. Kaminski ◽

David H. Perrin ◽

Carl G. Mattacola ◽

Joseph E. Szczerba ◽

Julie N. Bernier

Keyword(s):

Reliability And Validity ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Ankle Inversion ◽

Torque Measurements ◽

Intraclass Correlations ◽

Attachment Device ◽

Ankle Movement ◽

Prototype Device ◽

Torque Values ◽

Test Retest Reliability

This study examined the test-retest reliability of a prototype device used to measure ankle inversion and eversion isokinetic average torque values. The purpose of this paper was to illustrate a situation where common isokinetic measures were reliable but not valid. Concentric and eccentric average torque was assessed at 90 deg/s on the Kin Com II dynamometer using 14 healthy subjects in two sessions; a manufactured prototype ankle inversion/eversion attachment device was used. Reliability was assessed by performing separate intraclass correlations (ICC 2,1) on the results. The data indicated that the average torque calculated from the clockwise direction was consistently higher than those values from the counterclockwise direction, regardless of ankle movement or side measured. The validity of this prototype device to accurately measure average torque for these two ankle motions is questionable. This finding demonstrates a situation where the measures appear to be reliable while the validity of the device used to obtain the measures is suspect.

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