scholarly journals Le journalisme de guerre et les risques intégrés lors des opérations militaires en Afghanistan

Author(s):  
Aimé-Jules Bizimana ◽  
Benoit Gauthier

FR. Dans cet article, l’auteur se penche sur les dangers et les risques liés à la pratique du journalisme intégré dans les opérations militaires. Il s’agit d’analyser les risques particuliers dans le contexte du journalisme en temps de conflit armé. Comme plusieurs autres armées occidentales à la suite de la guerre en Irak, les forces canadiennes ont mis en place un programme d’intégration des médias (embedding) durant leur mission militaire en Afghanistan. L’article repose sur un corpus d’entrevues semi-structurées principalement avec des journalistes accrédités, des commandants de terrain et des officiers d’affaires publiques qui ont été déployés dans différentes rotations en Afghanistan et de documents primaires et secondaires qui traitent de la couverture médiatique de la guerre entre 2002 et 2011. Sont définis les risques intégrés qui sont des risques conjoncturels dans le sens où ils sont liés aux conditions particulières de la belligérance. L’analyse révèle une typologie des risques intégrés en trois catégories : les risques stationnaires qui sont encourus par les journalistes dans une situation statique dans les camps militaires, les risques opérationnels qui sont liés à des situations tactiques lors des sorties opérationnelles et les risques psychologiques qui créent un environnement de stress et affectent la santé mentale des journalistes intégrés. Durant la guerre en Afghanistan, les situations de reportage en combat direct étaient limitées alors que les tactiques de la guérilla talibane ont mené à une multiplication d’incidents causés par les engins explosifs improvisés. Ces attaques ont eu des effets directs sur la santé physique des journalistes intégrés. Les risques intégrés sont à la fois physiques et directs (fatigue, blessures, mort, bris matériels) mais aussi psychologiques avec des effets directs et indirects (peur, stress opérationnel, syndrome du stress post-traumatique). Les risques intégrés sont médiés à travers les échanges réguliers des acteurs avant et pendant l’intégration et sont gérés à travers différentes stratégies d’atténuation par les militaires et les rédactions des médias.   ***   EN. This study examines the dangers and risks journalists embedded in militaty operations face, especially during armed conflict. Like those of numerous other Western countries following the Iraq  war, Canadian armed forces implemented a media embedding program during their military mission in Afghanistan. This paper is based on a corpus of semi-structured interviews of accredited journalists, field commanders and public affairs officers who were deployed on multiple tours in Afghanistan, and primary and secondary documents addressing media coverage of the war between 2002 and 2011. Embedding dangers are defined as contextual in the sense that they are linked specifically to wartime. This analysis identifies three categories of embedding dangers: the stationary risks journalists incur in static situations in military camps; the operational risks that are linked to tactical situations during sorties; and the psychological risks that result from the stressful environment and affect the mental health of embedded journalists. Though live combat reporting was limited during the Afghanistan war, Taliban guerrilla tactics resulted in an increased number of improvised explosive device incidents behind front lines. These attacks had a direct effect on the health of embedded journalists, both physical and direct (fatigue, injury, death, equipment damage), and psychological (fear, operational stress, PTSD). Embedding risks are mediated through actors’ regular interactions before and during operations and managed through mitigation strategies by the military and media editorial staff.   ***   PT. Neste artigo, o autor examina os perigos e riscos associados à prática do jornalismo inerente às operações militares. Trata-se de analisar os riscos particulares no contexto do jornalismo em tempos de conflito armado. Como muitos outros exércitos ocidentais após a guerra do Iraque, as forças canadenses implementaram um programa de incorporação de mídia (embedding) durante sua missão militar no Afeganistão. O artigo é baseado em um corpus de entrevistas semiestruturadas principalmente com jornalistas credenciados, comandantes de campo e oficiais de relações públicas que foram destacados em diferentes rotações no Afeganistão e em documentos primários e secundários que abordam a cobertura da guerra pela mídia entre 2002 e 2011. Riscos integrados são definidos como riscos cíclicos no sentido de que estão ligados às condições específicas de beligerância. A análise revela uma tipologia de riscos integrada em três categorias: os riscos estacionários que são incorridos por jornalistas em situação estática em campos militares, os riscos operacionais que estão ligados a situações táticas durante excursões operacionais e os riscos psicológicos que criam um ambiente estressante e afetam a saúde mental de jornalistas incorporados. Durante a guerra no Afeganistão, as situações de relatórios de combate direto foram limitadas, já que as táticas de guerrilha do Talibã levaram a um aumento de incidentes causados por dispositivos explosivos improvisados. Esses ataques tiveram efeitos diretos na saúde física dos jornalistas incorporados. Os riscos inerentes são físicos e diretos (fadiga, lesões, morte, avarias materiais), mas também psicológicos com efeitos diretos e indiretos (medo, estresse operacional, síndrome de estresse pós-traumático). Os riscos inerentes são mediados por meio de interações regulares com as partes interessadas antes e durante a integração e são gerenciados por meio de várias estratégias de mitigação pelos militares e pelas redações midiáticas.   ***

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Betty Pfefferbaum ◽  
Jayme M. Palka ◽  
Carol S. North

Research has examined the association between contact with media coverage of mass trauma events and various psychological outcomes, including depression. Disaster-related depression research is complicated by the relatively high prevalence of the major depressive disorder in general populations even without trauma exposure. The extant research is inconclusive regarding associations between disaster media contact and depression outcomes, in part, because most studies have not distinguished diagnostic and symptomatic outcomes, differentiated postdisaster incidence from prevalence, or considered disaster trauma exposures. This study examined these associations in a volunteer sample of 254 employees of New York City businesses after the 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks. Structured interviews and questionnaires were administered 35 months after the attacks. Poisson and logistic regression analyses revealed that post-9/11 news contact significantly predicted the number of postdisaster persistent/recurrent and incident depressive symptoms in the full sample and in the indirect and unexposed groups. The findings suggest that clinical and public health approaches should be particularly alert to potential adverse postdisaster depression outcomes related to media consumption in disaster trauma-unexposed or indirectly-exposed groups.


Author(s):  
Marc Kieley

Global conflicts in 2020 have highlighted the unexpected employment of advanced ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles by developing military powers. The development of ballistic missiles by Iran, or the export of advanced drones by Turkey, are ultimately the result of the American-led revolution in military affairs that, during the Gulf War, established the potential of precision guided weapons and reconnaissance systems. In response, America’s competitors have adapted their military doctrines and developed weapons designed to both counter and copy the West’s technological advantages. As the Government of Canada implements its defence policy—Strong, Secure, and Engaged—it has promised to procure a ground-based air defence system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Careful consideration and analysis are required, however, to ensure that Canada procures the best possible solution given limited funding and a wide array of potential threats.


2021 ◽  
pp. 194016122110180
Author(s):  
Meghan M. Shea ◽  
James Painter ◽  
Shannon Osaka

While studies have investigated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings as drivers of climate change reporting as well as the geopolitical role of Pacific Islands in these international forums, little research examines the intersection: how media coverage of Pacific Islands and climate change (PICC) may be influenced by, or may influence, UNFCCC meetings. We analyze two decades of reporting on PICC in American, British, and Australian newspapers—looking at both volume and content of coverage—and expand the quantitative results with semi-structured interviews with journalists and Pacific stakeholders. Issue attention on PICC increases and the content changes significantly in the periods around UNFCCC meetings, with shifts from language about vulnerability outside of UNFCCC periods to language about agency and solutions. We explore the implications of these differences in coverage for both agenda setting and the amplification of emotional appeals in UNFCCC contexts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Julian Reyes Velez ◽  
James M. Thompson ◽  
Jill Sweet ◽  
Jason W. Busse ◽  
Linda VanTil

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 795-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitender Sareen ◽  
Tracie O. Afifi ◽  
Tamara Taillieu ◽  
Kristene Cheung ◽  
Sarah Turner ◽  
...  

Objective: Worldwide, there has been substantial controversy with respect to whether military deployment is a risk factor for suicidal behaviour. The present study examined the relationship between lifetime exposure to deployment and deployment-related traumatic events (DRTEs) and past-year suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal plans (SP), and suicidal attempts (SA). Method: Data were analysed from the 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (8161 respondents; response rate, 79.8%; aged 18-60 years). A total of 12 individual items assessed exposure to DRTEs (e.g., combat, witnessing human atrocities, feeling responsible for the death of Canadian or ally personnel, knowing someone who was injured or killed). We examined each individual DRTE type as well as the number of types of DRTEs in relation to suicidal behaviour. Results: Lifetime deployment was not significantly associated with suicidal behaviour. In models adjusted for sociodemographic variables, most of the individual DRTE items and the DRTE count variable were significantly associated with suicidal behaviours (adjusted odds ratio ranged between 1.10 and 5.32). When further adjusting for child abuse exposure, these associations were minimally attenuated, and some became nonsignificant. In models adjusting for mental disorders and child abuse, most DRTEs and number of types of DRTEs became nonsignificant in relation to SI, SP, and SA. Conclusions: Active military personnel exposed to increasing number of DRTEs are at increased risk for SI, SP, and SA. However, most of the association between DRTEs and suicidal behaviour is accounted for by child abuse exposure and mental disorders.


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