scholarly journals Kainsky Pass (Outpost): History, Localization and Layout Plan

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Gorokhov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Text Fragment ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Defensive Structure ◽  
History Of

Purpose. This work is a continuation of the series of articles by the author devoted to the localization, architecture and layout plan of the defensive structures, the purpose of which was to ensure safe and uninterrupted traffic along the segment of the Moscow-Siberian Route from Tara to Tomsk: Ust-Tartassky, Ubinsky passes (outposts), Bergamak, Chausky and Umrevinsky ostrogs, Abakhan winter hut. Without a holistic view of the origin of these objects it is impossible to get a sufficiently complete picture of the functioning of the most important land transport communication in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve during the period of its formation in the first half of the 18th Century. The purpose of this study is to localize the Kainsky Pass and reconstruct its layout plan based on written sources. Results. The etymology of the word “pass” is established. Based on the original meaning of the word, the purpose of the construction of the Baraba outposts was identified. A text fragment from travel diary of J. G. Gmelin, dedicated to the Kainsky Pass (1741) was translated into Russian. Based on this source, the exact location of the Kainsky Pass (outpost) on the territory of the modern town of Kuybyshev (Novosibirsk Region) was determined (Str. Agafonov on the segment between Str. Kopiev and St. Saraynaya). A graphic and descriptive reconstruction of the layout plan of the Kainsky Pass was completed. It was established that the outpost had a sub-rectangular shape, “zaplot” constructed walls, two entrance towers, the yard contained the commander’s house, a barn, armoury room and 12 barracks. Outside the walls was a bathhouse. The Pass was surrounded by a ditch, Dragon’s teeth fortifications and cheval de frise. Conclusion. The analysis of J. G. Gmelin’s travel diary showed that this source is the main one on the early history of the Kainsky Pass. Without its careful study the first decades of this defensive structure can only be reconstructed hypothetically.

De Sociolinguïstische Geschiedenis Van Het Negerhollands

1992 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Hans den Besten ◽  
Pieter Muysken
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Early History ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
Near Future

In this paper we describe a number of features of the history of Negerhollands (Creole Dutch), spoken on the Danish Antilles, later U.S. Virgin Islands, between around 1700 and 1900 (the last remaining speaker died recently). Special attention is paid to early history and demography, linguistic features of the creole (on the basis of a number of proverbs), a characterization of the type of Dutch that provided the lexical input for the language, and variation in the creole itself. The paper provides the framework in which much more detailed research, based on the analysis of 18th century manuscript sources, can be carried out in the near future.

Classical Guarani beyond grammars and dictionaries: on an 18th century Jesuit manuscript

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Ringmacher
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Elementary Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Basic Communication

AbstractLike so many other languages in Spanish South America, Guarani, as spoken in the 17th and 18th centuries, is documented in grammars, dictionaries, and catechisms. These texts were primarily written for priests as tools of basic communication with the indigenous population. The Jesuit system of Reductions (protected Indian villages), however, led language learners to face other language uses beyond the elementary level. To teach these, other texts were created, such as the one presented in this paper that deals with the translation of a booklet on the early history of the Guarani Reductions. Its pedagogical features, together with its descriptive significance for our grasp of the language used, will be explained. A close examination of both the old grammars and contemporary texts will lead to a clearer understanding of the constitutive particularities of the language.

scholarly journals The Foundation and the First Decades of the Activity of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the Works of Russian and Foreign Historians of Science. Part I.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-182
Author(s):  
Viktor Kupriyanov ◽  
Galina Smagina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Science Part

The article is devoted to a critical review of historiography on the problem of the founding and the first decades of the activity of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The article covers the works of Russian historians of science written from the 18th century to the beginning of the XXIth centuries. The article gives an analysis of the early historiography of the history of the Academy of Sciences (the works of G. F. Miller, I. D. Schumacher), the works of historians of the XIX century (A. A. Kunik, P. P. Pekarsky and others), as well as the works of the Soviet historians of science. Highlighting the works by Yu. Kh. Kopelevich, the authors emphasize the importance of the Soviet historiography of the foundation of the Academy of Sciences. It is shown that Soviet researchers in many respects continue the approaches outlined in the pre-revolutionary period. The article shows that in the historiography of the XIX-XXth centuries emphasize the importance of nationality in understanding the history of the foundation of the Academy of Sciences. In the XIXth century, the idea of Russification of the Academy of Sciences was formed as a basis for the understanding its early history. In Soviet historiography, this idea further developed under the influence of the ideological campaigns of late Stalinist times, although it acquired distorted forms. The authors of the article show thatalthough the post-Soviet Russian historiography of the foundation of the Academy of Sciences continues the Soviet one, in many ways, it offers not only new approaches to understanding of the history of the foundation of the Academy of Sciences, but also new research topics. Research into the founding of the Academy of Sciences became more specialized.

scholarly journals Czernelica nad Dniestrem – od grodu średniowiecznego do miasta nowożytnego

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Nagirnyy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

Chernelytsia by the Dniester. The Development of a Medieval Grod Into a TownThe article explores the early history and gradual modernisation of Chernelytsia – a town of Pokkuttya region. The first settlement in this region was noted on a high triangular cape on the right bank of the Dniester. Initially, it was a modestly fortified settlement located on the border of the Kievan state. However, after its incorporation into the Galicia Rostislav state and subsequently into Galicia–Volhynia Romanovich state, the settlement developed into a tri-part fortified grod of 5 ha in area. The author hypothesises that the grod ceased to be active between the 2nd half of the 16th century and the 1st half of the 17th century, after it had fallen prey to the Tatars who had raided Pokkuttya. Another period in the history of Chernelytsia is marked by the emergence of a new settlement at the area of today’s town’s centre. The emergence is dated at the 1st half of the 15th century. Initially, both the new settlement and the old grod were active, however, soon after being granted a municipal charter, the new settlement took the lead in social and economic activity. The town structure ossified in the 17th century when the bastion castle was built, as well as the St Archangel Michael Church and a Dominican monastery. Also, three tserkov churches were active in Chernelytsia at that time. The market square emerged, the town hall and a synagogue were built, and suburbs became discernible. The town plan changed only at the end of the 18th century when the new era in town’s history started.

scholarly journals From the history of research into the Slavic lands and peoples in Polish archaeology to the early 1940's

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Jacek Lech ◽  
Danuta Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Early History ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Northwestern Poland ◽  
The University

The article presents the interest of Polish archaeology before 1945 in the prehistory and early history of the Slavs. The pioneers were Count Jan Potocki towards the end of the 18th century a representative of the Enlightenment period, and then Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. Chodakowski’s work from 1818 about the Slavs before Christianity opened the Romantic period in Polish antiquarianism. At this time the greatest Polish poets were writing important works relating to the pre-Christian past of Poland, and a statue of the pagan god Światowid (Światowit) was found in the river Zbrucz. Studies of the earliest Slavs were continued by the positivists. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of them was E.Majewski from Warsaw, a promotor of the works of L. Niederle devoted to Slavic antiquities. In the period when the cultural-historical school dominated, prehistoric archaeology was becoming ever more closely associated with nationalism and politics (G. Kossinna). Majewski was one of the first critics of Kossinna’s method and works. In the years 1919–1944 Majewski’s pupil, L. Kozłowski, and J. Czekanowski studied the origin of the Slavs. Both were professors of the University in Lviv. Together with J. Kostrzewski, a prehistorian from Poznań, they regarded the Lusatian culture from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age as ancient Slavic. This view was important as propaganda in the political and scholarly dispute with prehistorians of the Third Reich. Its significance increased after the discovery and start of excavations of a fortified settlement of the Lusatian culture in Biskupin, in northwestern Poland. During the Second World War, Biskupin was excavated by H. Schleif from the SS-Ahnenerbe. The intention was to refute Kostrzewski’s views. At the same time, Kostrzewski and Kozłowski were writing works intended to confirm the ancient Slavic character of the Lusatian culture. Today their views constitute an interesting chapter in the history of science. Key words: early history of the Slavs, Światowid, Biskupin, Romantic period, Lusatian culture.

scholarly journals Life and Work of Lieutenant Colonel of Militia Alexey N. Ovchinnikov in 1920s – 1941

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 884-896
Author(s):  
V. A. Ovchinnikov ◽  
E. V. Suverov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Early History ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of ◽  
Moral Qualities

This article reconstructs the early history of the Soviet militia in Western Siberia. The research was based on the personal archive of Lieutenant Colonel A. N. Ovchinnikov and previously unpublished official documents stored in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Altai Krai and in the Novosibirsk Region. The research featured A. N. Ovchinnikov’s professional activity and personal participation in the development of militia in the Altai Krai and Kuzbass. When A. N. Ovchinnikov joined the militia forces, the institution was undergoing some radical reforms, e.g. it merged with the Joint State Political Directorate, became militarized and politicized, etc. In the 1920s – 1940s, the Soviet militia turned into a command and administrative system that made collectivization and industrialization possible. Militia officers were evaluated not only by their professional qualities, but also by their party affiliation, political views, and education. The sources made it possible to reveal A. N. Ovchinnikov’s personal position in the process of militia development in the 1930s – 1940s. Despite the constant personnel shortage and the low level of education, the party managed to improve the discipline, qualifications, moral qualities, and political consciousness of militia officers, thus increasing their performance. The authors believe that personal historic narratives can be a valuable contribution to the historical studies of Soviet militia.

scholarly journals Early history of the Academy of Sciences: facts and their sociocultural reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Filatov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

The history of the project of Peter I on the creation of the Academy of Sciences in Russia is analyzed. The problems of the relationship between scientists and the Russian bureaucracy, as well as the effectiveness of the scientific activities of the Academy in the 18th century are examined. The sociocultural reconstruction of the conditions and mechanisms for transferring new forms of knowledge and relevant institutions to the Russian environment unprepared for this is discussed. It is shown that the Academy of Sciences has prepared the possibilities for the emergence of universities in Russia.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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