Measuring Marine Protected Areas’ Conservation Effort: A Different Look at Three Deeply-Rooted Illusions

As a major tool for policies to protect biodiversity, the current idea of Marine Protected Areas is based on a triptych (a status, a perimeter, and regulations) that is intended to ensure their effectiveness, with the conservation effort assessed by adding up the classified surface areas. Based on an international comparative analysis using 13 differentiated case studies, we take another look at three founding illusions according to which (a) the MPA status corresponds to protection (b) on the level of the classified perimeter, and (c) founded upon regulations laid down to be respected. Our analysis shows that the status is an activatable capital, whose activation may encounter various obstacles that we have listed; that we should distinguish between two levels and types of protection, active and passive, rather than stick to the classified perimeter; that the lack of specific regulations means nothing with regard to the lack of protection; and that MPAs with a legal arsenal at their disposal use these rules first and foremost as a medium for dialogue with stakeholders, with various aims. This analysis leads us to specify what MPAs actually are, and to suggest new means and indicators to assess the conservation efforts made.

Versenyjog vs. kollektív tárgyalás? – A munkajogi védelem a versenyképesség szempontjából

The constantly changing economic and social environment is of paramount importance to the environment of labour law regulation today given that the socio-economic definition of labour law can be considered on the basis of the current idea thereof. Adaptation to the changing environment requires that labour law regulations also adapt properly to the changes. As a result, we may encounter a number of new employment relationships today, which will generate additional problems to be resolved with regard to labour law.

O Infinito Atual em Or Hashem de Hasdai Crescas (1340 -1411)

This article focuses on the concept of the "infinite in act" of the medieval Jewish philosopher Has-dai Crescas (1340–1411), formulated in the book Or Hashem (1410) to Maimonides' first three propositions, as set out in the second part of the Guide of the Perplexed. Maimonides' theses aim to deny the possibility of the current infinite as an immaterial or material magnitude, as an infinite set of finite beings and as an infinite series of cause and effect. After a brief exposition of the trajectory of the concepts of infinity in the different Jewish wisdom traditions received in the Middle Ages, we indicate how the argument for the current idea of infinity in Crescas dialogues with them. From this dialogue, the concept of the infinite emerges as a singularity updated parallel to the real as an infinite vacuum, a place of coexistence of infinite universes, and as an actual divine infinite like Kavod, Glory, which fills the infinite universe and as an immanent cause of the infinite series of cause and effect that constitutes the eternal existence of contingent beings. In the critique of the third Maimonidian proposition, the first cause is described as an ontological and immanent cause of the infinite series of causes and effects. In this discussion, Crescas points to an idea of God very different from that developed by Maimonides. Here we have the medieval Jewish debate between defenders of divine transcendence and defenders of immanence. This theme is important for the understanding of the reception of Hasdai Crescas' work by Picco Della Mirandolla, Bruno and Espinosa.

KESETARAAN HAK DALAM PENDIDIKAN (STUDI PADA SEJARAH PERJUANGAN RAHMAH ELYUNUSIYAH DALAM MEMPERJUANGKAN HAK-HAK WANITA DALAM PENDIDIKAN)

For most Indonesians, a priori attitudes towards women in school are still the main domain of daily life. Just look at how the term kitchen-well-mattress is so popular among the people. This expression wants to emphasize that as powerful and as smart as any woman, in the end the "nature" and "destiny" of women will return to domestic life that only deal with matters of cooking, washing and sex. This assumption has been going on for hundreds of years and is not new. Even in matrilineal societies, such as West Sumatra, the birthplace and struggle of Rahmah, the assumption that women are not suitable to study is often discussed. Rahmah is one of the few women who rejects this stereotype. For him, women have the same learning and teaching rights as men. In fact, compared to men, women are also able to have intelligence that is no less great. The problem lies in access to education. At that time, long before Indonesia's independence, the education system in the archipelago was still far from what was expected and women did not have access to the same education as men. For her, even though a woman only plays the role of a housewife, she still has social responsibility for the welfare of the community, religion, and motherland. That responsibility can be given through education, both in the family (domestic) and in schools (public). Perhaps, if Rahmah were still alive, he would agree with the current idea that building a society without involving women is like a bird flying with one wing. Educating a woman means educating all men. Because, as many people believe, education can make a major contribution to efforts to modernize a society. And it seems Rahmah has worked for it.

A Research on the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on the Organizational Commitment of Employees in the Agro Industry

Corporate interpersonal responsibility (CSR) has been debated and practiced in one form or another for a more than 4,000 years. For instance, the historic Vedic and Sutra texts of Hinduism and the Jatakas of Buddhism consist of ethical admonitions on usury (the charging of excessive curiosity), and Islam offers a long-advocated Zakat, or an abundance taxi. The current idea of CSR could be more obviously traced to the midto-late 1800s, with industrialists like John H. Patterson of National CHECK OUT seeding the commercial welfare motion and philanthropists like John D. Rockefeller establishing a charitable precedent that was followed more than a century later with famous businessmen Bill Gates. The primary goals of the analysis are to discover the social responsibility and dedication of workers in the Agro market.

Interleukin 6 as a pathogenic factor mediating clinical manifestations and a therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases and depressive disorders

The review summarizes current idea on the key role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases (RDs) and depressive disorders. It considers in detail the mechanisms by which IL6 induces the clinical and laboratory manifestations of RDs and depression; the influence of precipitating and predisposing stress factors, including childhood mental traumas, which increase the risk of RDs and depression, on IL-6 production. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of prospects for using IL-6 inhibitors in the therapy of depression.

AS FEIRAS LIVRES EM TEMPOS DE CONTEMPORANEIDADE E OS CIRCUITOS DA ECONOMIA URBANA EM ARAPIRACA/AL (BRASIL) (THE STREET MARKETS NOWADAYS AND URBAN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN ARAPIRACA/AL (BRAZIL))

RESUMO: A intensificação nos investimentos na ciência, técnica e informação contribuiu para a constituição do terceiro meio geográfico, o meio técnico-científico informacional (SANTOS [1996] 2008), que surge pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, consolidando no último quarto do século XX a chamada globalização. Com base nas características dessa globalização tem-se uma discussão voltada para os dois circuitos da economia urbana – Circuito Inferior e Circuito Superior (SANTOS [1979] 2008). Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a importância da feira em tempos de contemporaneidade e dos circuitos ora citados na economia urbana de Arapiraca, cidade localizada no Agreste alagoano (Brasil), destacando o papel desempenho pela feira e seus agentes, frente outros eventos diretamente relacionados com atividades do Circuito Superior. Para tanto, alguns autores, tais como, Andrade (1993), Braudel (1998), Carvalho (2012), Guedes (1999), Melo (1980), Rangel (2012), Santos ([1980] 2010) entre outros, são essenciais nessa discussão. Constatou-se que a feira livre foi responsável pela gênese, formação e desenvolvimento econômico de Arapiraca, continuando com significativa importância, como evento direto do Circuito Inferior, para a vida econômica e social da cidade nestes primeiros decênios do século em curso.Palavras-chave: Feira Livre, Globalização, Circuitos Econômicos, Arapiraca/AL (Brasil) ABSTRACT:The intensification of investments in science, technology and information played an important role for third geographical environment constitution, i.e. the technical-scientific-informational milieu (SANTOS [1996] 2008), which arouse after World War II and consolidated the globalisation in the 20st century last quarter. Based on this globalisation features, it is possible to realise a discussion concerning the urban economic system - Circuito inferior and Circuito Superior (SANTOS [1979] 2008). Therefore, this article aims at discussing the important current idea of market and the aforementioned kinds of “Circuito” in Arapiraca's urban economy - which is a city of Agreste alagoano (Brazil) - highlighting for this the role played by market and its agents compared to other events related to activities of “Circuito Superior”. Then it will be used some essential authors for this discussion, such as Andrade (1974), Braudel (1998), Carvalho (2012), Guedes (1999), Melo (1980), Rangel (2012), Santos ([1980] 2010) etc. It was verified that free markets hold the responsibility for starting, developing and getting ahead the economy of Arapiraca. Street markets, by the way, go on being relevant as a direct event of Circuito inferior for Arapiraca's social and economical life during the first decades of this century.Keywords: street market, globalisation, economic systems, Arapiraca/AL (Brazil)

El concepto de “conflictividad social” en las fuentes literarias latinas. Perspectivas diacrónicas = The Concept of “Social Conflictivity” in Latin Literary Sources. Diachronic Perspectives

En un ejercicio absoluto de abstracción, la sociología contemporánea y los estudios vinculados de otras disciplinas han sido capaces de teorizar sobre las “colisiones” o conflictus de un conjunto de individuos configurados en societas. No obstante, una generalización de grado semejante podría parecer verdaderamente ajena a la lengua latina tanto en el período clásico como en el posclásico y tardío. Inmersos en esta problemática, el presente artículo persigue dilucidar la existencia de una construcción conceptual que se corresponda con la idea actual de “conflicto social” mediante un análisis diacrónico de las fuentes literarias desde el “siglo de oro” hasta la tardo-antigüedad. Contemporary Sociology and related studies of other disciplines have been able to theorize, through an absolute exercise of abstraction, about the "collisions" or conflictus of a set of individuals configured in societas. However, a generalization of a similar degree might seem truly strange to the Latin language in the classical, postclassical and later periods. Immersed in this problem, this paper seeks to elucidate the existence of a conceptual construction that corresponds to the current idea of "social conflict" through a diachronic analysis of literary sources from the "Golden age" to the Late Antiquity.

Evaluation of an Intelligent Approach for Semantic Web

The semantic web is a vision which captures information from the web and makes it possible to help machines to understand complex human requests. Such intelligence based understanding requires important sources of information to be structured semantically so that the meaningful information can be accessed and provided to the users. The main outcome of the current idea is to derive the development of search engines to provide the users with artificial intelligence experience. The achievement of this idea requires integration of autonomous tools and standards. The technology can be realized to its task potentially by incorporating/deploying intelligent agents in semantic web.