On the Task Approach in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Sciences

This work continues a series of publications on the task approach in artificial intelligence. As noted earlier, the agent-based approach described in the monograph by Stuart Russell and Pieter Norwig “Artificial Intelligence. The Modern Approach", may be more argumentatively presented within the framework of the task approach. This paper will show that not only the problems of the bases of mathematics and artificial intelligence, but also many cognitive functions performed by humans and analyzed in cognitive sciences, can also be described and studied within the framework of the task approach. In particular, this paper shows that the analogue of the concept of task in cognitive sciences is the concept of goal and that the Functional Systems Theory (FST), which describes purposeful behavior, can be presented as the brain's solution of tasks to achieve goals and satisfaction of needs. It gives the chance to compare directly the tasks of artificial intellect with natural cognitive processes and, thereby, to reveal the list of those tasks of "natural" intellect and schemes of their solution which can be successfully used for the solution of artificial intelligence tasks.

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PROBLEM-BASED APPROACH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Informatics ◽

10.25206/2311-4908-2020-7-2-4-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 004-009

Author(s):

S. S. Goncharov ◽

◽

D. I. Sviridenko ◽

E. E. Vityaev ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

The Other ◽

Agent Based ◽

Functional Brain ◽

Other Hand ◽

Purposeful Behavior ◽

The One ◽

Physiological Theory

The paper considers the task approach to artificial intelligence. It is shown that, on the one hand, it generalizes such approaches as the agent-based approach and general artificial intelligence, and, on the other hand, accurately reflects the cognitive processes and purposeful behavior described in the physiological theory of functional brain systems.

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Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

Journal of Information Science ◽

10.1177/0165551520985495 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 016555152098549

Author(s):

Donghee Shin

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Embodied Cognition ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Process Model ◽

Extended Cognition ◽

Dual Process ◽

Personalized Recommendation ◽

Normative Values ◽

And Performance ◽

Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

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A Review of Human–Computer Interaction and Virtual Reality Research Fields in Cognitive InfoCommunications

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062646 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2646

Author(s):

Jozsef Katona

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technology ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Research Trends ◽

Technological Innovations ◽

Important Research ◽

Cognitive Sciences ◽

Digital Devices ◽

Research Fields ◽

Information And Communication

Cognitive infocommunications (CogInfoCom) is a young and evolving discipline that is at the crossroads of information and communication technology (ICT) and cognitive sciences with many promising results. The goal of the field is to provide insights into how human cognitive capabilities can be merged and extended with the cognitive capabilities of the digital devices surrounding us, with the goal of enabling more seamless interactions between humans and artificially cognitive agents. Results in the field have already led to the appearance of numerous CogInfoCom-based technological innovations. For example, the field has led to a better understanding of how humans can learn more effectively, and the development of new kinds of learning environment have followed accordingly. The goal of this paper is to summarize some of the most recent results in CogInfoCom and to introduce important research trends, developments and innovations that play a key role in understanding and supporting the merging of cognitive processes with ICT.

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Constructive realism: In defense of the objective reality of perspectives

Human Affairs ◽

10.2478/s13374-013-0155-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roman Madzia

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

John Dewey ◽

William James ◽

Cognitive Sciences ◽

Objective Reality ◽

Constructive Realism ◽

Neural Processes ◽

The World ◽

Epistemological Position ◽

Epistemological Realism

AbstractThe paper proposes an outline of a reconciliatory approach to the perennial controversy between epistemological realism and anti-realism (constructionism). My main conceptual source in explaining this view is the philosophy of pragmatism, more specifically, the epistemological theories of George H. Mead, John Dewey, and also William James’ radical empiricism. First, the paper analyzes the pragmatic treatment of the goal-directedness of action, especially with regard to Mead’s notion of attitudes, and relates it to certain contemporary epistemological theories provided by the cognitive sciences (Maturana, Rizzolatti, Clark). Against this background, the paper presents a philosophical as well as empirical justification of why we should interpret the environment and its objects in terms of possibilities for action. In Mead’s view, the objects and events of our world emerge within stable patterns of organism-environment interactions, which he called “perspectives”. According to pragmatism as well as the aforementioned cognitive scientists, perception and other cognitive processes include not only neural processes in our heads but also the world itself. Elaborating on Mead’s concept of perspectives, the paper argues in favor of the epistemological position called “constructive realism.”

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Erosión ética en el trato con la inteligencia artificial

LOGOS Revista de Filosofía ◽

10.26457/lrf.v0i134.2527 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 43-58

Author(s):

Desireé Torres Lozano

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

San Francisco ◽

Mirror Neurons ◽

Machine Intelligence ◽

Publishing Company ◽

Frankfurt Am Main ◽

Modern Approach ◽

Oxford University ◽

Computing Machinery ◽

West Bohemia

ResumenEl presente artículo tiene como finalidad definir la IA y poner en discusión su injerencia social, así como las consecuencias éticas que esto conlleva, ya que la construcción del hombre contemporáneo debe tener en cuenta el trato con estos sistemas. Definiremos qué es la inteligencia, cómo es que se le ha llamado inteligencia a los procesos de las máquinas y podremos establecer un diálogo entre la influencia ética que conlleva el trato con las mismas. Palabras clave Inteligencia artificial; Ética; Sistemas; Tecnología; Hombre Referencias Aristóteles, De Anima, Madrid: Gredos, 2000. ___, Ética a Nicómaco, Madrid: Gredos, 2000. ___, Política, Madrid, Gredos, 2003. Aspe, V. Nuevos sentidos mimesis en la Poética de Aristóteles, en Tópicos, Revista de filosofía, México: Tópicos, 2005. Bellman, Richard, An Introduction To Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco: Boyd and Fraser Publishing Company, 1978. Büchner et al, Discovering Internet Marketing Intelligence through Web Log Mining, Antrin, Mine it, Newtownabbey: University of Ulster Shore Road, 1998. Corominas, Pascual, Diccionario Crítico Etimológico Castellano e Hispánico, Madrid, Gredos, 2002. Descartes, Meditaciones Metafísicas, Gredos, Madrid, 2000. Elaine Rich, Kevin Knight, Artificial Intelligence, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill, 1991. Bude, Gesellschaft der Angst, Hamburgo: Hamburger Edition HIS, 2014. Heidegger, Platon: Sophistes, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1992. ___, Über den Humanismus, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1949. ___, Was heisst denken?, Frankfurt Am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2002. Hickock, Gregory, The Myth of Mirror Neurons. The Real Neuroscience of communication and cognition, Nueva York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014. J. Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence: The very idea, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985. Kirk, G.S. y Raven, J. E., Los filósofos presocráticos, Madrid: Gredos, 1970. Kurzweil Raymond, The Age of Intelligent Machines, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi, How AI can be a force for good, en Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6404, Oxford: Oxford University, 2018. Nils Johan Nilsson, Artificial Intelligence: A new synthesis, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998. Platón, Cratilo, Madrid, Gredos, 2004. Poole David et al, Computational Intelligence, a Logical Approach, Oxford: Oxford University, 1998. Press, Gill, A Very Short History Of Artificial Intelligence (AI), USA: Forbes, 2016. Russell, Norvig, Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach, New Jersey, Pearson, 2010. Armstrong, S., & K. Sotala, How we’re predicting AI or failing to, Beyond Artificial Intelligence, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Pilsen: University of West Bohemia,2015. Turing Alan, MIND, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Cambridge: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, 1950. Winston Patrick Henry, Artificial intelligence, USA: Addison Wesley, Publishing Company, 1992.

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Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and Immune Homeostasis: Gut-brain Axis, Obesity and Cognitive Function

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/61/15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 124-154

Author(s):

S. Bulgakova ◽

N. Romanchuk ◽

O. Pomazanova

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Health Care ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Immune Homeostasis ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Human Immune ◽

The Cross ◽

The Brain

The new competencies of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology play a strategic role in interdisciplinary science and interdisciplinary planning and decision-making. The introduction of multi-vector neurotechnologies of artificial intelligence and the principles of digital health care will contribute to the development of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing. The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. Immune homeostasis is the balance between immunological tolerance and inflammatory immune responses — a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. A healthy microbiota is the qualitative and quantitative ratio of diverse microbes of individual organs and systems, maintaining the biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium of the macroorganism necessary to preserve human health. Functional foods, healthy biomicrobiota, healthy lifestyle and controlled protective environmental effects, artificial intelligence and electromagnetic information load/overload are responsible for the work of the human immune system and its ability to respond to pandemic attacks in a timely manner. Obesity continues to be one of the main problems of modern health care due to its high prevalence and polymorbidity. In addition to cardiometabolic diseases, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, obese individuals show impaired cognitive functions, have a high risk of developing depression and anxiety. The gut microbiota mediates between environmental influences (food, lifestyle) and the physiology of the host, and its change may partially explain the cross-link between the above pathologies. It is known that Western eating patterns are the main cause of the obesity epidemic, which also contributes to dysbiotic drift of the gut microbiota, which in turn contributes to the development of complications associated with obesity. Experimental studies in animal models and, to a lesser extent in humans, show that microbiota is associated with obesity and may contribute to the endocrine, neurochemical and development of systemic inflammation underlying obesity itself and related diseases. Nevertheless, a number of questions remain at present. Modeling the microbiota-gut-brain axis, provides the brain with information from the gut not only through the nervous system but also through a continuous stream of microbial, endocrine, metabolic and immune messages. The communication network provides important keys to understanding how obesity and diabetes can affect the brain by provoking neuropsychiatric diseases. The literature review is devoted to the analysis of data on the relationship of the gut-brain axis, obesity and cognitive functions, immune homeostasis and new competencies: psychoneuroimmunology and psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology.

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The Engineer

Rebel Genius ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262035095.003.0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Tara H. Abraham

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Reticular Formation ◽

Research Laboratory ◽

Biological Systems ◽

Theoretical Modelling ◽

Research Culture ◽

Cognitive Sciences ◽

New Research ◽

Scientific Identity ◽

The Brain

This chapter examines the ways that McCulloch’s new research culture at MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics shaped the evolution of his scientific identity into that of an engineer. This was an open, fluid, multidisciplinary culture that allowed McCulloch to shift his focus more squarely onto understanding the brain from the perspective of theoretical modelling, and to promote the cybernetic vision to diverse audiences. McCulloch’s practices, performed with a new set of student-collaborators, involved modeling the neurophysiology of perception, understanding reliability in biological systems, and pursuing knowledge of the reticular formation of the brain. The chapter provides a nuanced account of the relations between McCulloch’s work and the emerging fields of artificial intelligence and the cognitive sciences. It also highlights McCulloch’s identities as sage-collaborator and polymath, two roles that in part were the result of his students’ observations and in part products of his own self-fashioning.

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Using Agent Technology for Company Knowledge Management

Intelligent Information Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-941-0.ch108 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1862-1879

Author(s):

Victoria Yoon ◽

Barbara Broome ◽

Rahul Singh ◽

Tor Guimaraes

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Expert System ◽

System Approach ◽

Systems Development ◽

Decision Processes ◽

Agent Technology ◽

Agent Based ◽

Complex Decision ◽

A Company ◽

Practical Implications

Emerging agent-based systems offer a new means of effectively managing knowledge to address complex decision processes, thereby enabling solutions to many real problems that have heretofore appeared intractable. This article presents an overview of expert system and agent technologies, and shows the latter as a powerful extension of artificial intelligence for systems development. To illustrate, a system developed first using an expert system approach and then an agent-based approach is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the agent-based approach. Last, the practical implications of a company adoption of agent-based technology for systems development are addressed.

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