BACKGROUND Dyslipidaemia has been proposed as a possible risk factor for diabetic retinopathy (DR) but results from previous studies are inconsistent. We designed this study to find the association of abnormal serum lipid levels with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema (DME). METHODS This was a single centre observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital, where patients with type 2 diabetes of more than five years duration were enrolled. A comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation was performed on all study subjects. Detailed fundoscopy was done after obtaining the best possible mydriasis with 1 % tropicamide and 5 % phenylephrine eye drops using direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy with + 20 D lens and stereoscopic slit lamp biomicroscopy of the disc and macula using + 78 D Volk lens. Fundus photographs were taken in patients with any grade of diabetic retinopathy by Topcon fundus camera. DR and DME were diagnosed and classified according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading system. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed for each patient. RESULTS A total of two hundred and twelve participants was enrolled. Mean age of the study group was 63.93 ± 9.52 and the mean duration of diabetes was 13.54 ± 6.07. DR was present in 164 (78.1 %) of whom 71 (43.3 %) had mild non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 42 (25.6 %) had moderate NPDR, 31 (18.9 %) had severe NPDR, and 20 (12.2 %) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Of those with DR, 59 (36 %) had DME. Duration of diabetes (14.62 ± 6.18 vs 9.72 ± 3.68 years, P < 0.001), higher fasting blood glucose (176.79 ± 59.13 vs 138.46 ± 49.44 mg / dL, P < 0.001), higher HbA1c (8.21 ± 1.38 vs. 7.48 ± 1.25 %, P = 0.002), higher total cholesterol (215.04 ± 49.78 vs 184.37 ± 30.84 mg / dL, P < 0.001), higher triglyceride levels (155.23 ± 59.06 vs 125.13 ± 37.3 mg / dL, P = 0.001) and higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (139.28 ± 37.38 vs 120.85 ± 22.75 mg / dL, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with the severity of DR. Higher total cholesterol, higher triglyceride levels and higher LDL cholesterol levels were also associated with DME. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant association of abnormal serum lipid levels and hyperglycaemia with the presence and severity of DR and presence of DME. Early identification and intervention to control these modifiable risk factors, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia may delay the development and progression of DR in diabetic patients. These observations also support the current management strategies for diabetes, which include control of dyslipidaemia in addition to hyperglycaemia. KEYWORDS Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Macular Oedema, Dyslipidaemia
Low cholesterol levels in children predict impulsivity in young adulthood
