Nitrogen Balance and Amino Acid Disappearance from the Small Intestine in Calves Fed Soybean Meal-, Toasted Soybean Meal- or Corn Gluten Meal-Supplemented Diets3

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1258-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Koeln ◽  
John A. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten

RATE OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND NUTRIENT DIGESTION OF VARIOUS NITROGEN SOURCES IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF RUMEN CONTENTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. GARRETT ◽  
R. D. GOODRICH ◽  
M. D. STERN ◽  
J. C. MEISKE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid

A dual flow continuous culture fermentor system was used to estimate ruminal rate of protein degradation and influence of supplemental nitrogen (N) source on digestion of total dietary crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). Four experimental diets contained predominantly corn and were isocaloric (14.7 M J DE kg−1) and isonitrogenous (12% CP on a DM basis) with urea, soybean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) as sole supplemental N sources. Fermentor flow rates were adjusted daily to attain liquid and solid dilution rates of 10 and 5% h−1, respectively. Total dietary N digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) in fermentors receiving urea than in those receiving CGM, while fermentors receiving SBM or LSM were intermediate (72.9, 54.9, 64.0 and 63.2%, respectively). Bacterial CP flow was higher (P < 0.05) from fermentors receiving urea or SBM than from those receiving CGM, with fermentors receiving LSM intermediate (1.31, 1.29, 1.02 and 1.14 g d−1, respectively). True OM digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for diets supplemented with urea or LSM than for those supplemented with CGM (65.1, 60.4 and 51.2%, respectively). The rate of protein degradation was greater (P < 0.05) for LSM-CP than CGM-CP with SBM-CP intermediate (15.73, 6.88 and 10.13% h−1, respectively). Calculated bypass of potentially digestible protein for SBM-CP, LSM-CP and CGM-CP was 15.9, 10.9 and 29.1%, respectively. Total amino acid flow (g d−1) was higher (P < 0.05) for fermentors receiving SBM than for those receiving LSM. Total bacterial amino acid flow (g d−1) was higher (P < 0.05) for fermentors receiving SBM than for fermentors receiving CGM. Differences among diets for dietary amino acid flow (g d−1) were not significant. Key words: Ruminal protein degradation, soybean meal, linseed meal, corn gluten meal, continuous culture system

Modifying duodenal flow of amino acids by manipulation of dietary protein sources

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Corn Gluten

Four multiparous Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to measure the response in intestinal amino acid profiles to progressive substitution of blood meal for corn gluten meal as the protein supplement. In addition, the influence of these protein sources on rumen fermentation and digestion as well as forestomach bacterial growth and escape were compared with a diet supplemented with soybean meal, a rapidly rumen-degraded protein source. Cows were offered a mixed silage ration of alfalfa silage (79.8% of DM) and corn silage (20.2% of DM) twice daily. Cows were also offered mixed concentrate at 123% (DM:DM) of the mixed silage ration in six equal meals per day to provide soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal or a combination of the latter two sources as the primary supplemental protein source. Rumen soluble non-ammonia N concentrations were higher in cows fed soybean meal and declined linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal in the concentrate. Forestomach disappearance of N tended (P = 0.09) to be higher for the cows fed soybean meal vs. all other diets, and tended (P = 0.09) to be higher with the combined corn gluten meal and blood meal diet vs. the diets containing either alone. The latter is consistent with higher forestomach digestion of DM and OM in cows fed the combined diet. Rumen pool sizes of most DM components were lower when cows were fed soybean meal and, with the exception of N pools, increased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Duodenal flow of amino acid protein was lower when cows were fed soybean meal, due mainly to reduced bacterial flow, and was lowest for the combined diet within the corn gluten meal and blood meal diets. The amino acid profile of duodenal protein differed for 12 of 17 amino acids examined when cows were fed the soybean meal diet vs. the other diets, and 12 of 17 amino acids either increased or decreased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Data reported here and by previous researchers suggest an associative effect of addition of corn gluten meal and blood meal to the diet which increased rumen degradation of dietary protein. These data also show that manipulating the dietary source of supplemental protein can influence the amino acid profile of duodenally delivered amino acid protein as well as indicate that the rate of rumen degradation of individual amino acids differs among protein sources. In this study, methionine, cystine and histidine appeared to be more rapidly degraded in corn gluten meal than in blood meal, whereas glutamic acid, proline, isoleucine, threonine and lysine were more rapidly degraded in blood meal. Key words: Dairy cow, rumen bacteria, amino acid

INFUSION OF LYSINE PER ABOMASUM IN STEERS: DIETARY, ABOMASAL AND PLASMA LEVELS OF AMINO ACIDS OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY OR TWICE A DAY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Continuous Feeding

Eight Holstein steers fitted with abomasal cannulae were used in two 4 × 4 latin square designs. A corn-based, corn gluten-meal-supplemented diet was fed to four steers continuously (part A), and to four steers twice a day (0700 h and 1900 h) (part B). Within each latin square, lysine hydrochloride was infused per abomasum to provide the equivalent of 0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 g lysine per day. Nitrogen (N) balance decreased, urinary N (percent of N intake), and abomasal N (percent of N intake) increased as lysine infusion was increased from zero to 9 g per day (part A). In part B, N digestibility was reduced and the concentrations of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, cystine (cysteine), phenylalanine and tyrosine increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 6 g lysine per day. Lysine infused per abomasum of steers was of no benefit to the animal with respect to several of the N parameters. The presence of a relatively high leucine concentration available for absorption in the small intestine may have influenced lysine absorption. The use of continuous feeding as an experimental tool reduced the interactions encountered between lysine infusion and the concentration of amino acid (AA) in the plasma. The continuous feeding method proved useful in defining the effects of dietary N on rumen microbial metabolism and subsequently on AA metabolism in the ruminant.

scholarly journals True and apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids of feed in Nile tilapia

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo Arruda Teixeira Lanna ◽  
Marcos Antonio Delmondes Bomfim ◽  
Juarez Lopes Donzele ◽  
Moisés Quadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
True Digestibility

It was determined in this work the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of protein and amino acids of five feeds (corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal) in Nile tilapia. It was used 252 reverted Thai strain Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in growth phase, with weight of 310 ± 9.68 g, distributed in experimental randomized blocks design, with five treatments, six replicates per treatment and seven fish per experimental unit. Each experimental diet contained a single source of protein, composed by the studied ingredients. An additional group of fish was fed protein-free diet for quantification of the endogenous fraction and determination of true digestibility coefficients. Digestibility was estimated by the indirect method by using chromium oxide at the concentration of 0.50% of the diet as a marker, performing fecal collection at every four hour interval by using decantation technique. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of the protein and amino acids are: corn, 83.57 and 82.45%; wheat bran 82.87 and 81.47%; soybean meal 91.12 and 89.41%; corn gluten meal 90.07 and 87.78%; fish meal 83.53 and 81.65% respectively. Coefficients of true digestibility of protein and the mean of the amino acids are: corn, 90.02 and 89.60%; wheat bran 89.62 and 89.14%; soybean meal 93.58 and 91.88%; corn gluten meal 92.50 and 90.34%; fish meal 86.01 and 84.27%, respectively.

Effect of micronization on energy, starch and amino acid digestibility in hulless barley for young pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X. Huang ◽  
W. C. Sauer ◽  
M. Pickard ◽  
S. Li ◽  
R. T. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of micronization on energy, starch and amino acid digestibilities in hulless barley. Six pigs (Canabrid × Camborough) were weaned at 21 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum on days 23 or 24. The pigs were fed one of three diets with major constituents of hulless barley and soybean meal (HB + SBM), micronized hulless barley and soybean meal (MHB + SBM) and corn starch and soybean meal (C + SBM) according to a repeated Latin square design. The pigs were fed three times daily, equal amounts at 8-h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of body weight. The average body weight of the pigs was 9.3 kg at start and 15.9 kg at the conclusion of the experiment at 58 d of age. Faeces were collected for 48 h on days 6 and 7 and ileal digesta for 24 h on days 8 and 9. Chromic oxide was used as digestibility marker. The apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities in HB and MHB were determined by the difference method. The apparent ileal digestibilities of the indispensable amino acids were higher in MHB than in HB and ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 percentage units. Of the indispensable amino acids, the differences were significant (P < 0.05) for arginine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine. Micronization of HB improved (P < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of starch from 79.0 to 97.3%. Micronization resulted in an increase in the digestion of energy in the small intestine and a decrease in microbial fermentation of energy in the large intestine. This shift in the disappearance of energy from the large to the small intestine should also result in an improvement in the efficiency of energy utilization. These studies show a positive effect of micronization on the digestibilities of energy and amino acids in young pigs fed HB. Key words: Micronization, barley, digestibility, pigs

scholarly journals Preparation of high Fischer ratio oligopeptide by proteolysis of corn gluten meal

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Ying ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Sun Da-Wen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Corn Gluten

A method to obtain an oligopeptide with high Fischer ratio is described. Corn gluten meal (CGM) was hydrolysed with Alcalase 2.4L using a two-step hydrolysis. In the first-step hydrolysis, the enzyme reaction conditions for hydrolysing CGM were optimised by using the orthogonal experimental design, while pH = 8.0, temperature = 55°C, enzyme to substrate ratio (3:97, w/w), and the substrate concentration = 5% were identified as the optimum conditions, under which up to 11.62% degree of hydrolysis (DH) could be obtained. The hydrolysate was then fractionated by ultrafiltration using a membrane with the molecular cutoff of over 10 kD at 20 kPa. For the second-step hydrolysis, the filtrate was adjusted to pH 6.0, then papain was added at 50°C and the mixture was maintained for 3 hours. The hydrolysate was obtained after inactivating papain and centrifuging. Then the salt (mainly NaCl) in the hydrolysate was removed with an ion exchange resin at the speed of 8 times bed volume per hour, and aromatic amino acids were removed through absorption by active carbon. By using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography, a peptide mixture with low molecular weights between 1000 and 1300 was obtained. Finally, tests on amino acid composition and free amino acid concentration of oligopeptide solution showed that the oligopeptide had a high Fischer ratio of 34.71 and the yield of 11.59%.

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