INFUSION OF LYSINE PER ABOMASUM IN STEERS: DIETARY, ABOMASAL AND PLASMA LEVELS OF AMINO ACIDS OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY OR TWICE A DAY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Continuous Feeding

Eight Holstein steers fitted with abomasal cannulae were used in two 4 × 4 latin square designs. A corn-based, corn gluten-meal-supplemented diet was fed to four steers continuously (part A), and to four steers twice a day (0700 h and 1900 h) (part B). Within each latin square, lysine hydrochloride was infused per abomasum to provide the equivalent of 0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 g lysine per day. Nitrogen (N) balance decreased, urinary N (percent of N intake), and abomasal N (percent of N intake) increased as lysine infusion was increased from zero to 9 g per day (part A). In part B, N digestibility was reduced and the concentrations of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, cystine (cysteine), phenylalanine and tyrosine increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 6 g lysine per day. Lysine infused per abomasum of steers was of no benefit to the animal with respect to several of the N parameters. The presence of a relatively high leucine concentration available for absorption in the small intestine may have influenced lysine absorption. The use of continuous feeding as an experimental tool reduced the interactions encountered between lysine infusion and the concentration of amino acid (AA) in the plasma. The continuous feeding method proved useful in defining the effects of dietary N on rumen microbial metabolism and subsequently on AA metabolism in the ruminant.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

scholarly journals Digestion, absorption and utilization of single-cell protein by the preruminant calf

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Sedgman ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
Joanne Thomas ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
P. Ganderton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
True Digestibility

1.Two experiments of Latin square design were made, each with four Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal and ileal cannulas at 4–10 d of age. The calves were used to studythe effect of giving milk-substitutes containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g bacterial protein (Pruteen)/kg total protein on apparent digestibility of nitrogen fractions and amino acids and true digestibility of 3H-labelled milk protein and 35S-labelled bacterial protein in the small intestine. A third experiment of Latin square design with four intact Friesian calves was used to measure apparent digestibility of nutrients throughout the alimentary tract and retention of N, calcium and phosphorus.2.At the duodenum, volume of outflow, its pH, and outflow of total-N (TN), protein-N (PN) and non-protein-N (NPN) decreased with time after feeding. At the ileum, volume of outflow and TN outflow were unaffected by time after feeding but PN outflow decreased; NPN outflow at the ileum increased to a maximum 6 h after feeding and then declined.3.Increased inclusion of Pruteen did not affect the volume of outflow at the duodenum or ileum, but duodenal PN outflow increased. At the ileum, pH values were lower and TN, PN and NPN outflows were higher with increasing concentration of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility in the small intestine tended to decrease with greater amounts of Pruteen, but was only significant for NPN. Apparent digestibility from mouth to ileum significantly decreased for TN and PN as Pruteen inclusion increased.4.Amino acid concentration in duodenal outflow, with the exception of that of arginine, reflected intake. The total amount of each amino acid in ileal outflow increased and the apparent digestibility of most amino acids decreased with greater amounts of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility of nucleic acid-N from Pruteen was very high.5.True digestibility in the small intestine and between mouth and ileum of 3H-labelled milk protein was high and did not differ between dietary treatments. True digestibility of 36S-labelled Pruteen was low for the milk-protein diet and tended to increase linearly as more dietary Pruteen was included.6.Dry matter concentration in faeces and a high apparent digestibility throughout the whole alimentary tract of carbohydrates did not differ between treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and fat, apparent absorption of Ca, P and ash throughout the tract, retention of N, Ca and P and biological value of the protein decreased with inclusion rates greater than 300 g Pruteen/kg total dietary protein. The amount of N apparently absorbed in the large intestine was estimated as 0.9 g/d.7.Comparison of intake of apparently absorbed essential amino acids with requirement suggests that histidine is likely to be the limiting amino acid, assuming that arginine is synthesized in the body.8.Efficiencies of utilization of protein for tissue synthesis and to cover obligatory loss are estimated as 0.80, 0.75, 0.66 and 0.47 for diets containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g Pruteen/kg total protein in the diet. Efficiencies of utilization of individual essential amino acids were also estimated.

Modifying duodenal flow of amino acids by manipulation of dietary protein sources

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
Corn Gluten

Four multiparous Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation were utilized in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to measure the response in intestinal amino acid profiles to progressive substitution of blood meal for corn gluten meal as the protein supplement. In addition, the influence of these protein sources on rumen fermentation and digestion as well as forestomach bacterial growth and escape were compared with a diet supplemented with soybean meal, a rapidly rumen-degraded protein source. Cows were offered a mixed silage ration of alfalfa silage (79.8% of DM) and corn silage (20.2% of DM) twice daily. Cows were also offered mixed concentrate at 123% (DM:DM) of the mixed silage ration in six equal meals per day to provide soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal or a combination of the latter two sources as the primary supplemental protein source. Rumen soluble non-ammonia N concentrations were higher in cows fed soybean meal and declined linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal in the concentrate. Forestomach disappearance of N tended (P = 0.09) to be higher for the cows fed soybean meal vs. all other diets, and tended (P = 0.09) to be higher with the combined corn gluten meal and blood meal diet vs. the diets containing either alone. The latter is consistent with higher forestomach digestion of DM and OM in cows fed the combined diet. Rumen pool sizes of most DM components were lower when cows were fed soybean meal and, with the exception of N pools, increased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Duodenal flow of amino acid protein was lower when cows were fed soybean meal, due mainly to reduced bacterial flow, and was lowest for the combined diet within the corn gluten meal and blood meal diets. The amino acid profile of duodenal protein differed for 12 of 17 amino acids examined when cows were fed the soybean meal diet vs. the other diets, and 12 of 17 amino acids either increased or decreased linearly as blood meal substituted for corn gluten meal. Data reported here and by previous researchers suggest an associative effect of addition of corn gluten meal and blood meal to the diet which increased rumen degradation of dietary protein. These data also show that manipulating the dietary source of supplemental protein can influence the amino acid profile of duodenally delivered amino acid protein as well as indicate that the rate of rumen degradation of individual amino acids differs among protein sources. In this study, methionine, cystine and histidine appeared to be more rapidly degraded in corn gluten meal than in blood meal, whereas glutamic acid, proline, isoleucine, threonine and lysine were more rapidly degraded in blood meal. Key words: Dairy cow, rumen bacteria, amino acid

Effects of formaldehyde treatment of casein and peanut meal supplements on amino acids in digesta and plasma of lambs and sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Individual

The passage of amino acids into the duodenum and the levels of amino acids in jugular plasma were studied (a) in lambs given a supplement of casein with or without formaldehyde treatment, and (b) in sheep given concentrate diets containing treated or untreated peanut meal at both a low and a high level of dietary protein. When casein in the diet was treated with formaldehyde, losses of individual amino acids due to degradation in the rumen were substantially reduced or prevented so that the amounts reaching the small intestine were substantially increased. This increase in supply of amino acids, which was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain, caused an increase in the plasma levels of most amino acids. However, lysine levels tended to fall, and this resulted in marked reductions in the molar proportion of lysine. When sheep were given formaldehyde-treated peanut meal, the amounts of the individual amino acids reaching the small intestine were greater than when untreated peanut meal was given. When the meal in the higher protein diet was treated, the losses due to degradation were again largely prevented. As amino acid supply to the small intestine increased, the plasma levels of most of the individual amino acids decreased to a minimum and then increased when supply exceeded demand. The molar proportion of lysine decreased when peanut meal in the higher protein diet was treated. An increase in plasma s-N-methyllysine level was characteristic of formaldehyde treatment of dietary protein. Changes in arginine levels tended to be inversely related to changes in total amino acid levels.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

PSVI-13 Amino Acid Supplementation During the Adaptation Period Did Not Affect the Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Corn and Soybean Meal Fed to Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Choi ◽  
Sun Jong You ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9 ± 2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for 4 and half days, and the 3 diets containing AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following 2 and half days. Ileal digesta were collected during the last 2 days. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (P &lt; 0.05), but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period. In conclusion, the addition of amino acid during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in feed ingredients.

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