Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and development of prehypertension

Цель - исследование взаимосвязи факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и развития предгипертонии. Методика. Проведен сравнительный и корреляционный анализы показателей модифицируемых и немодифицируемых факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у обследованных лиц в возрасте 30-60 лет с «оптимальным» артериальным давлением, (n = 63, АД <120/80 мм рт.ст.) и лиц с предгипертонией (n = 52, АД = 120-139/80-89 мм рт.ст.). Результаты. Показано, что лица с предгипертонией по сравнению с группой лиц, имеющих «оптимальное» артериальное давление характеризуются статистически значимо повышенным содержанием холестерина и холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности, интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности, а также значимыми сочетаниями факторов риска: повышенный уровень холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности с интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности; повышенное содержание креатинина с уровнем триглициридов; наследственная отягощенность по заболеваниям почек и интеллектуальным характером трудовой деятельности; наследственная отягощенность по сахарному диабету и гипертрофия левого желудочка сердца. У лиц с предгипертонией документированы перестройки структуры взаимосвязи (количество, направленность и сила корреляций) между показателями факторов риска в сравнении с лицами, имеющими «оптимальное» артериальное давление. Заключение. Выявленные особенности взаимосвязей факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при предгипертонии рассматриваются как проявление начальной стадии дизрегуляционной патологии и нарушения регуляции физиологических систем поддержания оптимального уровня артериального давления. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between risk factors for cardiovascular disease and development of prehypertension. Methods. Comparative and correlation analyses of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease were performed in subjects aged 30-60 with «optimal» blood pressure (n = 63, BP <120/80 mm Hg) and prehypertension (n = 52, BP = 120-139 / 80-89 mm Hg). Results. The group with prehypertension compared with the «optimal» blood pressure group had significantly increased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, sedentary/intellectual type of occupation, and significant combinations of risk factors. The risk factor combinations included an increased level of LDL cholesterol and a sedentary/intellectual occupation; increased serum levels of creatinine and triglycerides; hereditary burden of kidney disease and a sedentary/intellectual occupation; hereditary burden of diabetes mellitus and cardiac left ventricular hypotrophy. In subjects with prehypertension compared to subjects with «optimal» blood pressure, changes in correlations (correlation number, direction, and strength) between parameters of risk factors were documented. Conclusion. The features of interrelationships between risk factors for cardiovascular disease observed in prehypertension are considered a manifestation of early dysregulation pathology and disordered regulation of physiological systems, which maintain optimal blood pressure.

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Particles and corrected particles of LDL and non-HDL are stronger predicters of coronary lesion in postmenopausal women

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-021-02189-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chuang Li ◽

Jingxun Chen ◽

Siyue Wei ◽

Mei Zhang ◽

Yushun Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Apolipoprotein B ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Spearman Correlation ◽

Coronary Lesion

Abstract Background The optimum lipid indexes, predicting the coronary lesion in postmenopausal women are not clear. Objective To evaluate the optimum lipid predicter for coronary lesion in routine and advanced lipid tests. Method 300 postmenopausal women were enrolled and assigned into coronary heart disease (CHD) Group (242), and non-CHD Group (58). Routine and advanced lipid indexes were measured with standard laboratory test and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The correlation and predictivities for CHD of routine and advanced lipid indexes were performed with Logistic regression, Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results Age (hazard ratio (HR) 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–5.86, P = 0.03), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.15–1.59, P < 0.001), corrected particles of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-p-corr) (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06, P < 0.001) and corrected particles of non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-p-corr) (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, P < 0.001) were the risk factors of CHD. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr were in linear correlation with Gensini score. Advanced lipid indexes LDL-p (area under curve (AUC) = 0.750, P = 0.02), LDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.759, P = 0.02), non-HDL-p (AUC = 0.693, P = 0.03) and non-HDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.699, P = 0.03) were more predictive for CHD than the routine ones (LDL-C and non-HDL-C). Conclusion In postmenopausal women, age, ApoB, LDL-p-corr and non-HDL-p-corr were risk factors of CHD. Compared with traditional lipid items, LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr may be better lipid indexes for CHD in postmenopausal women.

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Dyslipidaemia

The ESC Handbook on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1093/med/9780198759935.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 33-48

Author(s):

Heinz Drexel

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Residual Risk ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cholesterol Levels

Lipid metabolism has gained cardiological interest only after statins were demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular disease in secondary and primary prevention. Therefore, this chapter first introduces the physiological and atherogenic properties of lipoproteins, before focusing on interventions. Both the efficacy and safety of statins have been proven in numerous randomized clinical trials. Because there is a considerable residual risk in statin-treated patients, additional approaches have been investigated. The focus is now on further reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. First, high-intensity statin regimens were shown to reduce residual risk. Subsequently, ezetimibe was demonstrated, for the first time, to have a beneficial effect as a non-statin lipid intervention. More recently, inhibitors of the enzyme PCSK9 have demonstrated a very high efficacy in reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Although the causality of LDL for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been proven in epidemiological studies, including Mendelian randomization studies, as well as interventional trials, adherence to statins and other therapies is far from optimal. In contrast, interventions to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels could not proven to have further benefits when combined with statins.

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Pioglitazone-Mediated Changes in Lipoprotein Particle Composition Are Predicted by Changes in Adiponectin Level in Type 2 Diabetes

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2011-1699 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. E110-E114 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Susan Sam ◽

Steven Haffner ◽

Michael H. Davidson ◽

Ralph D'Agostino ◽

Alfonso Perez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Particle Size ◽

Adiponectin Level ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Vldl Particle ◽

The Relationship

Context: In animal and observational studies, adiponectin is associated with lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Objective: We analyzed data from a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the relationship between changes in adiponectin to changes in lipoprotein risk factors after an intervention that alters adiponectin levels. Design and Setting: Adiponectin levels were measured at baseline and follow-up, as were lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease, at academic medical centers and ambulatory care centers. Patients and Other Participants: Participants included 361 men and women with type 2 diabetes. Intervention: Intervention included randomization to treatment with glimepiride or pioglitazone for 72 wk. Main Outcome Measure: The relationship of treatment-related differences in adiponectin level to treatment-related differences in lipoprotein cardiovascular risk factors at 72 wk was evaluated. Results: Pioglitazone led to an increase in adiponectin compared with glimepiride. Compared with baseline, pioglitazone treatment at 72 wk led to an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size and a decrease in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size and LDL particle number. Glimepiride treatment more modestly decreased LDL particle number and increased LDL particle size. At 72 wk, there were significant treatment group differences for HDL, LDL, and VLDL particle size, and triglyceride and HDL cholesterol level. The increase in adiponectin predicted treatment-related improvement for triglyceride and HDL cholesterol level and LDL and HDL particle size. Conclusion: Increased adiponectin contributed to treatment-related benefit in lipoprotein cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. These results provide support for a model that mechanistically links changes in adiponectin level to changes in lipoprotein composition in humans.

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Abstract P241: Culinary Herbs and Spices and the Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p241 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Savannah E Maxwell ◽

Kacie M Dickinson

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cochrane Central Register ◽

Culinary Herbs ◽

Herbs And Spices

Introduction: There is growing attention toward the role of culinary herbs and spices in improving heart health. Bioactive compounds of culinary herbs and spices have been found to exert potential health benefits in people at risk of CVD, but no recent review has been conducted to evaluate the types of herbs and spices and their effects in this population. Objectives: The purpose of the review was to evaluate the effects of culinary herbs and spices on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in adults with risk factors for CVD. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using six electronic databases, including Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial and Web of Science in February 2017. Studies including subjects who had associated non-modifiable risk factors (older people >70 y, menopausal women), cardiovascular disease or an associated cardiovascular event (stroke or heart attack) and associated liver or kidney complications or disease, were excluded from the review. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool was used to assess bias of the included studies. Results: Twelve randomized controlled trials, 2 randomized trials, 1 non-randomized trial, 1 randomized crossover trial and 1 single-arm met inclusion criteria. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, Cinnamon at 1-1.5g/d and dichrostahys glomerata (DG), at 0.8g/d showed significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and LDC-cholesterol and HbA1c and cinnamon showed increased HDL-C while DG showed significant decrease in total cholesterol. Fenugreek at 10g/d doses resulted in significant reductions in fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Nigella satvia (NS) at doses of 1-3g/d showed significant reductions in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and increases in HDL-cholesterol. Ginger at 1-2g/d doses significantly reduced fasting glucose, triglycerides, MDA, Apo B and increase Apo A-1. In obese subjects DG and ginger resulted in significant decreases in TG and DG significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol. In subjects with hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolemia garlic at 5g/d and 20g/d doses resulted in significant decrease in TG, cholesterol and increases in HDL-C and 20g/d doses resulted in significant reductions in FBG. Conclusion: The evidence does suggest that the use of culinary herbs and spices may have beneficial effects on risk factors for CVD. Due to the presence of bias of studies there is insufficient evidence to conclude that culinary herbs and spices have significant benefits on biomarkers for CVD and that higher quality studies are needed in future research.

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Patterns of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Old Age and Survival and Health Status at 90

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (11) ◽

pp. 2207-2214

Author(s):

Michelle C Odden ◽

Andreea M Rawlings ◽

Alice M Arnold ◽

Mary Cushman ◽

Mary L Biggs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Old Age ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lower Likelihood

Abstract Background The population age 90 years and older is the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. Only recently is it possible to study the factors that portend survival to this age. Methods Among participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study, we studied the association of repeated measures of cardiovascular risk factors measured over 15–23 years of follow-up and not only survival to 90 years of age, but also healthy aging outcomes among the population who reached age 90. We included participants aged 67–75 years at baseline (n = 3,613/5,888) to control for birth cohort effects, and followed participants until death or age 90 (median follow-up = 14.7 years). Results Higher systolic blood pressure was associated with a lower likelihood of survival to age 90, although this association was attenuated at older ages (p-value for interaction <.001) and crossed the null for measurements taken in participants’ 80’s. Higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI) were associated with greater longevity. Among the survivors to age 90, those with worse cardiovascular profile (high blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, glucose, and BMI; low HDL cholesterol) had lower likelihood of remaining free of cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and disability. Conclusion In summary, we observed paradoxical associations between some cardiovascular risk factors and survival to old age; whereas, among those who survive to very old age, these risk factors were associated with higher risk of adverse health outcomes.

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Particles and Corrected Particles of LDL and Non-HDL are Stronger Predicters of Coronary Lesion in Postmenopausal Women

10.21203/rs.3.rs-372495/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chuang Li ◽

Jingxun CHEN ◽

Siyue Wei ◽

Mei Zhang ◽

Yushun Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Apolipoprotein B ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Spearman Correlation ◽

Coronary Lesion

Abstract Background The optimum lipid indexes, predicting the coronary lesion in postmenopausal women are not clear.Objective To find the optimum lipid predicter for coronary lesion in routine and advanced lipid tests.Method 300 postmenopausal women were enrolled and divided into coronary heart disease (CHD) Group (242), and non-CHD Group. Routine and advanced lipid indexes were measured with standard laboratory test and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The correlation and predictivities for CHD of routine and advanced lipid indexes were performed with Logistic regression, Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results Age (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08 ~ 5.86, P = 0.03), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15 ~ 1.59, P < 0.001), corrected particles of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-p-corr) (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03 ~ 1.06, P < 0.001) and corrected particles of non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-p-corr) (HR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 ~ 1.03, P < 0.001) were the risk factors of CHD. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr were in linear correlation with Gensini score. Advanced lipid indexes LDL-p (area under curve (AUC) = 0.750, P = 0.02), LDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.759, P = 0.02), non-HDL-p (AUC = 0.693, P = 0.03) and non-HDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.699, P = 0.03) were more predictive for CHD than the routine ones (LDL-C and non-HDL-C). ConclusionIn postmenopausal women, age, ApoB, LDL-p-corr and non-HDL-p-corr were risk factors of CHD. Compared with traditional lipid items, LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr may be better lipid indexes for CHD in postmenopausal women.

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Dyslipidaemia

The ESC Handbook on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1093/med/9780198759935.003.0002_update_001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 33-48

Author(s):

Heinz Drexel

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Residual Risk ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cholesterol Levels

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Platelet Aggregation and Plasma Lipoproteins in Alcoholics During Alcohol Withdrawal

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1661516 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 55 (02) ◽

pp. 173-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

K Desai ◽

J S Owen ◽

D T Wilson ◽

R A Hutton

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Alcohol Withdrawal ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Plasma Lipoprotein ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Arachidonic Acid Content ◽

Low Density

SummaryPlatelet aggregation, platelet lipid composition and plasma lipoprotein concentrations were measured each week in a group of seventeen alcoholics, without overt liver disease, for one month, following acute, total alcohol withdrawal. The platelets were initially hypoaggregable but, within 1-2 weeks of cessation of drinking, they became hyperaggregable and then gradually returned towards normal values. Hyperaggregability could not be explained by increases in either the cholesterol or the arachidonic acid content of the platelets. Plasma very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remained high throughout the study, but the initially raised levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol fell by 26%. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration rose by 10% after two weeks of withdrawal but then returned to about the starting level. The resulting changes in the plasma LDL-cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio, which had increased by more than 50% after two weeks of abstinence, essentially paralleled the time course of enhanced platelet reactivity in all but four of the alcoholics. These findings suggest that alterations in plasma lipoprotein concentrations during acute alcohol withdrawal may be a contributory factor to the haemostatic disorders present in such patients.

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Epidemiology Of Myocardial Infarction: Magnitude Of The Problem, Cause And Risk Factors

10.1055/s-0038-1652958 ◽

1981 ◽

Author(s):

W B Kannel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Evaluation ◽

Death Rate ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

The Impact ◽

Marginal Risk

Coronary heart disease is a common, highly lethal, disease which frequently attacks without warning and too often presents with sudden death as the first symptom. Chances of an American male developing CHD before age 60 are one in five.Most angina, infarctions and sudden deaths represent medical failures which should have been forecasted and prevented. About 30% of first MI's will shortly develop angina and experience a per annum death rate, half of which will be sudden deaths. Reinfarctions will occur at 6% per year and half the recurrences will be fatal.No major innovations are needed to identify coronary candidates or to establish their risk from the joint effect of known risk factors. However, all have much to learn about motivating changes in behavior required to control the major risk factors such as cigarette smoking, faulty diet, overweight, sedentary living, abnormal lipids, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance.Low density lipoprotein cholesterol promotes atherogenesis whereas HDL-cholesterol is protective, and the net effect is judged by their ratio. Hypertension, systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, at any age in either sex is a powerful contributor to CHD. The impact of diabetes is greater for women, diminishes with age and varies depending on coexisting risk factors.Optimal risk evaluation requires quantitative combination of risk factors so as to include persons with multiple marginal risk factor abnormalities who are at high risk.

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The neurological level of spinal cord injury and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Spinal Cord ◽

10.1038/s41393-021-00678-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Francis Raguindin ◽

Gion Fränkl ◽

Oche Adam Itodo ◽

Alessandro Bertolo ◽

Ramona Maria Zeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Cord Injury

Abstract Study design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective To determine the difference in cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipid profile, and markers of glucose metabolism and inflammation) according to the neurological level of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods We searched 5 electronic databases from inception until July 4, 2020. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-defined data collection form. The pooled effect estimate was computed using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was calculated using I2 statistic and chi-squared test (CRD42020166162). Results We screened 4863 abstracts, of which 47 studies with 3878 participants (3280 males, 526 females, 72 sex unknown) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to paraplegia, individuals with tetraplegia had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (unadjusted weighted mean difference, −14.5 mmHg, 95% CI −19.2, −9.9; −7.0 mmHg 95% CI −9.2, −4.8, respectively), lower triglycerides (−10.9 mg/dL, 95% CI −19.7, −2.1), total cholesterol (−9.9 mg/dL, 95% CI −14.5, −5.4), high-density lipoprotein (−1.7 mg/dL, 95% CI −3.3, −0.2) and low-density lipoprotein (−5.8 mg/dL, 95% CI −9.0, −2.5). Comparing individuals with high- vs. low-thoracic SCI, persons with higher injury had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (−10.3 mmHg, 95% CI −13.4, −7.1; −5.3 mmHg 95% CI −7.5, −3.2, respectively), while no differences were found for low-density lipoprotein, serum glucose, insulin, and inflammation markers. High heterogeneity was partially explained by age, prevalent cardiovascular diseases and medication use, body mass index, sample size, and quality of studies. Conclusion In SCI individuals, the level of injury may be an additional non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Future well-designed longitudinal studies with sufficient follow-up and providing sex-stratified analyses should confirm our findings and explore the role of SCI level in cardiovascular health and overall prognosis and survival.

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