scholarly journals CHRONOLOGY OF THE INTERIOR PART OF THE KUSHMANSKOYE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT (UCHKAKAR)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. Модин ◽  
М.Г. Иванова ◽  
И.В. Журбин
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Interior Part

Статья посвящена хронологии внутренней части Кушманского городища Учкакар, относящегося к чепецкой археологической культуре эпохи Средневековья (IX-XIII вв). Рассматривается хронология двух основных стратиграфических горизонтов культурного слоя (ранний горизонт I, этапы IIа-б, IIв, IIг позднего горизонта II). В статье проведен хронологический анализ принадлежащих им вещевых комплексов, для чего были привлечены многочисленные аналогии. В результате исследования установлено, что ранний горизонт I, относящийся ко времени функционирования внутренней линии обороны, может быть датирован в пределах IX-X вв. Поздний горизонт II, напластования которого перекрывают руины ранних оборонительных сооружений, датируется второй половиной X - рубежом XII-XIII вв. Временные границы его этапов могут быть определены следующим образом: этапы IIа-б - вторая половина X - середина XI в. этап IIв - середина XI - начало XII в. этап IIг - XII - конец XII в. / рубеж XII-XIII вв. The paper reports on the chronology of the Kushmanskoye fortified settlement (Uchkakar) attributed to the Cheptsa culture dating to the Middle Ages (9th-13th centuries). It examines chronology of two main stratigraphic horizons of the occupation layer (early horizon I stages II a-b, II c, II d of later horizon II). The paper provides chronological analysis of artifact assemblages with the use of numerous analogies. The studies established that early horizon II dating to the period when the internal defensive line was in operation can be dated to the 9th-10th centuries. Subsequent horizon II where the layers overlie the ruins of the earlier defensive constructions dates to the second half of the 10th - turn of the 13th centuries. Timeline of its stages may be defined as follows: stages II a-b as the second half of the 10th - mid-11th centuries stage II c as mid-11th - early 12th centuries stage II d as the 12th - late 11th century/turn of the 13th century.

Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology in Medieval Hebrew Encyclopaedias

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Principal Feature ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Albert The Great ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Hebrew

There are three principal philosophical-scientific encyclopaedias written in Hebrew during the Middle Ages: Yehudah ha-Cohen'sMidrash ha-Ḥokmah(1245–1247), Shem Tov ibn Falaquera'sDe'ot ha-Filosofim(ca. 1270) and Gershon ben Shlomoh'sSha'ar ha-Shamayin(end of the 13th century). All three include detailed treatments of zoology, and the last two of botany and mineralogy as well. The principal feature of their treatments is their “theoretical” – not merely “descriptive” – approach: these encyclopaedias do not contain only lists of stones, plants and animals (such as other Arabic and Latin Medieval encyclopaedias), but also attempts at systematization and philosophical arrangement of the various available theories in the fields of mineralogy, botany and zoologyquasciences. An examination of the doctrines and the sources of these texts shows that, while the treatment of zoology relies upon Aristotle's zoological works and, above all, theirCompendiaby Averroes, the treatment of mineralogy and botany reflects the non-Aristotelian theories of theBrethren of Purity(Iḫwān al-Ṣafā'), rather than such texts as pseudo-Aristotle'sDe lapidibusand Nicolaus Damascenus'De plantis. In particular, Falaquera's encyclopaedia represents the most convincing effort to provide a truly scientific discussion of mineralogy and botany, comparable to that of his contemporary Albert the Great, and based upon theBrethren, Avicenna and, maybe, some lost works by Averroes.

scholarly journals Roberto Grosseteste: epistemología aristotélica y ciencia teológica / Robert Grosseteste: Aristotelian Epistemology and Theological Science

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Celina A. LÉRTORA MENDOZA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The intoduccion of the Aristotelian Analytica Posteriora in the Middle Ages and their diffusion all through 13th century caused significant changes in the conception of the scientific knowledges, including those of the Theology.This one was clearly distinguished from the Philosophy. In this work I show Grosseteste’s main theological ideas and the lineaments of its epistemological justification: the object and the method of the Theology.

scholarly journals Medical treatment of animals in slavs in the middle ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
V. Prysyazhnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Wine Vinegar ◽  
Cutaneous Form ◽  
Full Sense ◽  
The Middle Ages

How the treatment of animals in Galicia evolved before the first printed veterinary works appeared today is little known to tell. The reason for this is the lack of relevant historical research in this area. However, this gap will no doubt be widened over time. This work is long and exhausting, since it is based on archival research and also on literature, which refers to a specific period. These will be pieces from different spheres of life, which, after proper segregation, will make it possible to complete this chapter. The above mentioned text of the treatment of horses by Slavs since 1394 is the oldest known mention of an equine doctor, as well as the salary for surgery and payment for medication. Confirming that in medieval Galicia, both the forging and the treatment of horses belonged to the blacksmith's duties. Preparation of medicines for horses was carried out by those who treated them. The blacksmiths, who were treated, began to be called Konoval. The oldest mention is recorded on parchment in 1505, also there is a guild sign of people of this profession. This is also evidenced by the engraving, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages. Blacksmiths are in the first place in the Middle Ages like equestrian doctors, they are already mentioned in the literature from the XI century. The grooms appear near the blacksmiths, but the name of the groom began dating only in the early 13th century. Since then, there are the first written mentions of poultry, falconers and dog-keepers. They were responsible for the care and treatment of the poultries or animals that had been cared for. In addition to agricultural content, there were also guidelines for the treatment and breeding of pets. In very few cases, veterinary writers describe the signs or causes of diseases, mainly by continuing to give the name of the disease and method of treatment. Therefore, treatment is empirical in the full sense of the word. Following the custom at the time of treatment, describe the treatment of each disease, as it is today in surgery, that is, starting from the head and ending at the feet. When the doctor could not make the correct diagnosis, he called the horse sick and recommended to treat it with a mixture consisting of butter, eggs and salt. By the term “attack” the author understood the signs of a very acute and usually fatal illness. Since drugs that deserve attention, we recommend sulfur, copper greens, turpentine, mustard, quicklime, mercury, tar, used as an ointment or liniment for external treatment. In addition to the aforementioned measures, the burning of the ferrous iron of the tumors was applied and then sprinkled with green copper, indicating the treatment of cutaneous form of sap. Medicines can be divided into three groups, namely: Medicinal products of vegetable, animal and mineral origin. The medicines were mixed and prepared mainly by the horse doctor, the medicines consisted mainly of home remedies and were readily available to anyone. In the liquid form were infused into the mouth, nose, enemas, ablution, bathing. Water, wine, vinegar and olive oil are the basis for liquid medicines. Ointments, suppositories, patches, pastes and poultices were used in the condensed form, Ointments are often used in a warm state. The basis for this was fats and wax. In the form of powdered substances that have blown into the eye or wounds. In addition to the above remedies, medicinal products and magical procedures were used for therapeutic purposes: words with superstitious signs related to religious worship were used to achieve treatment. Dressings and surgical instruments. A horn was served to deliver the medication, with certain preparations filled in the horn. Wounds were washed using a copper syringe. A leather bag made of the same material has replaced today's pourer. A hoof knife, a blood dispenser, a razor to remove hair are also mentioned, and also iron for burning ulcers and eczema. The dressing material is hemp yarn, scarves, mostly blue, spartan shale.

scholarly journals Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová ◽  
Michal Gelnar ◽  
Simona Randáková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Blue Glass ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

scholarly journals Italy and Provence: Cultural Connections in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-46
Author(s):  
Elena Grinina ◽  
◽  
Galina Romanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Provencal language and lyrics of troubadours had the highest authority in the Middle Ages, having influenced the development of poetic art, in particular, and the development of philological thought, in general, in adjacent territories. Undoubtedly, there were the closest ties of medieval Provence with Catalonia. However, Italy was also involved in the orbit of the cultural life of Provence. The purpose of the article is to show how Italy and Provence were connected in the 13th century and to what extent Italy contributed to the development and preservation of the grammar of the Provencal literary language of that era.

scholarly journals Los inicios del pensamiento escolástico: el Sic et non de Pedro Abelardo / The Beginning of the Scholastic Thought: «Sic et non» by Pierre Abelard

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Natalia JAKUBECKI
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Medieval Universities ◽  
The University ◽  
The Middle Ages

As is well know, one of the most impressive mentalities of the Middle Ages was that of scholastic thought. The scholastic, in its true sense, must be understood as a particular type of didactics used to understand the Holy Scriptures and doctrines of the faith. Nevertheless it was specifically the modus operandi of the masters of the medieval universities. It reached its zenith in the 13th century thanks, fundamentally, to two simultaneous phenomena: the return to the West of Aristotle’s works and the creation of the University. However, this forma mentis had already begun to develop in the works of several previous thinkers, perhaps the most significant of which being Sic et Non, by Peter Abelard. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this article will focus on the methodological principles that Abelard introduces in the prologue of his work. This will then allow us to compare the substance of the rupture with, and renovation of, previous thinking as well as to emphasise the contributions that so intimately link it to the first scholastic.

scholarly journals Pre-Christian Scandinavian royalty. From the legendary kings to the 11th century kingship

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Alexandra Airinei
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article focuses, as the title already expresses it, on the Pre-Christian Scandinavian Royalty, not from a political point of view, but from the perspective of what we nowadays call ideology of power. This means that we will try to identify the whole system of beliefs regarding the ideal ruler and the concepts that support his right to the throne and to the exercise of his authority . The ideas used to build the image of the perfect kingship in the pagan Scandinavia continued to exist long after the difficult process of christianisation, thing which meant in fact that the conversion was never fully completed and that this area remained distinct from the rest of the continent during the Middle Ages and even later. Even if the article refers to the Northern monarchy up to the 11th century, we included in our references a 13th century work allegedly written by the king Håkon Håkonsson, “Konungs Skuggsja”, to show this particular aspect: the fact that the pagan ideas were deeply rooted in the endemic society, the fact that they still shaped the concept of the perfect king and that there was no breach between the Christian period and the previous one, but rather a balanced continuity.

„compassio“, Leidenschaft, Ekstase

POETICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-227
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schulze-Witzenrath
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract Expressions and gestures of mourning for the loved one have been a theme of religious art from early on. In the Middle Ages, after the discovery of the suffering Christ (“Christus patiens”), they are shown in numerous depictions of the crucifixion, especially in those of the taking down of the cross. Since the 13th century, the attitude of “compassion”, which commemorates Christ’s act of redemption and, according to theological interpretation, thereby brings about one’s own salvation, has promoted empathy with the other. After the theme had been increasingly treated aesthetically in painting, non-religious models of mourning also appeared in poetry from the 16th century onwards, whose actions were oriented towards the respective epoch-specific image of man (passion, ecstasy). The article analyses relevant poetic and musical works.

Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Jacquart
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Primary Qualities ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

From the ninth to the 13th century, numerous works on pharmacology were written in Arabic in Eastern as well as in Western parts of the Islamic world. Starting from Galen and Dioscorides, the Islamic authors greatly improved on the Greek heritage. Among the theories they developed, two major trends stand out. The first trend emphasized medicinal degrees of primary qualities, and thus could lead to the promotion of mathematical rules. The second trend, on the contrary, focused on ‘the whole form’ of the substances, and opened the way to an experimental approach. Both these trends will continue in European pharmacology up to the Modern period.

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