scholarly journals Pre-Christian Scandinavian royalty. From the legendary kings to the 11th century kingship

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Alexandra Airinei
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article focuses, as the title already expresses it, on the Pre-Christian Scandinavian Royalty, not from a political point of view, but from the perspective of what we nowadays call ideology of power. This means that we will try to identify the whole system of beliefs regarding the ideal ruler and the concepts that support his right to the throne and to the exercise of his authority . The ideas used to build the image of the perfect kingship in the pagan Scandinavia continued to exist long after the difficult process of christianisation, thing which meant in fact that the conversion was never fully completed and that this area remained distinct from the rest of the continent during the Middle Ages and even later. Even if the article refers to the Northern monarchy up to the 11th century, we included in our references a 13th century work allegedly written by the king Håkon Håkonsson, “Konungs Skuggsja”, to show this particular aspect: the fact that the pagan ideas were deeply rooted in the endemic society, the fact that they still shaped the concept of the perfect king and that there was no breach between the Christian period and the previous one, but rather a balanced continuity.

scholarly journals The Middle Ages (from the Birth of Christ to the 13th Century). The East and the West

ICONI ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 6-27
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Demchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Music Theater ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
The Middle Ages

The essence of the series of essays published by the journal is that with a maximum compactness of the presentation, it provides a summary of the main phenomena of world artistic culture, covered in its entirety both from the point of view of the general historical process, and in relation to the various arts (literature, the fi ne arts, architecture, music, theater and cinema). At the same time, the customary categorization according to national schools and the division into the separate respective arts with the genre specifi cation inherent in each of them are overcome, which answers the positive trends of globalization and provides a holistic view of artistic phenomena. The following artistic and historical periods are considered in stages: the Ancient world, the Greco-Roman world, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance era, the Baroque period, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Post-romanticism, the fi rst, second and third Modern periods, Postmodernism, and, as an afterword, — “The Golden age of Russian artistic culture.”

scholarly journals English texts with parable elements, dating from the XIII-XIV centuries: synergetic approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pilgui
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
First Results ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
The Middle Ages

The scientific article presents the first results of the study of the English parable in the diachronic aspect from the synergetic point of view. The research started from the Middle Ages, illustrated and analyzed the first English texts with parable elements, dating from the XIII-XIV centuries. The scientific work is based on historical events, specific writers and their individual style; the development of a parable as an independent type of text and discourse took place under the influence the mentioned above. It is determined that during this period it is difficult to distinguish the English parable in a separate genre of literature of that time, but the authentic English parable confidently functioned as metatext in the great texts of the Middle Ages. Several parable contexts were observed in one text. The article outlines the results of the study and gives examples of texts of a certain era. The general stylistic and synergetic characteristics of the investigated texts are singled out and their classification according to thematic groups is presented: condemnation of negative human traits, relations of God and mankind, interpretation of spiritual truth and moral values. From the synergetic point of view, thematic groups are thematic attractors that contribute to the development and existence with its functional meta-texts with parable elements. The study of English parable texts allowed us to identify of a number of stylistic devices and stylistic features. It is noted that stylistic attractors of the Middle Ages parables are as follows: prose and poetic form, rhetorical and logical-expressive style. The results of scientific work determine the broad perspectives of further research, in particular the study of the English parable in diachrony from the synergetic point of view, as well as the analysis and comparison of the texts of the following centuries with the systematization of their general and specific features

Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology in Medieval Hebrew Encyclopaedias

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Principal Feature ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Albert The Great ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Hebrew

There are three principal philosophical-scientific encyclopaedias written in Hebrew during the Middle Ages: Yehudah ha-Cohen'sMidrash ha-Ḥokmah(1245–1247), Shem Tov ibn Falaquera'sDe'ot ha-Filosofim(ca. 1270) and Gershon ben Shlomoh'sSha'ar ha-Shamayin(end of the 13th century). All three include detailed treatments of zoology, and the last two of botany and mineralogy as well. The principal feature of their treatments is their “theoretical” – not merely “descriptive” – approach: these encyclopaedias do not contain only lists of stones, plants and animals (such as other Arabic and Latin Medieval encyclopaedias), but also attempts at systematization and philosophical arrangement of the various available theories in the fields of mineralogy, botany and zoologyquasciences. An examination of the doctrines and the sources of these texts shows that, while the treatment of zoology relies upon Aristotle's zoological works and, above all, theirCompendiaby Averroes, the treatment of mineralogy and botany reflects the non-Aristotelian theories of theBrethren of Purity(Iḫwān al-Ṣafā'), rather than such texts as pseudo-Aristotle'sDe lapidibusand Nicolaus Damascenus'De plantis. In particular, Falaquera's encyclopaedia represents the most convincing effort to provide a truly scientific discussion of mineralogy and botany, comparable to that of his contemporary Albert the Great, and based upon theBrethren, Avicenna and, maybe, some lost works by Averroes.

scholarly journals Russia. Muslim Christian dialogue. Stages of development

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
R. A. Silantiev ◽  
A. R. Krganov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Future ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Russia has always been a country with large Islamic population. From the Middle Ages the dialogue between Christians and Muslims has always been an integral part of the Russian culture. The article highlights the stages of the Christian-Muslim dialogue in Russia. From the point of view of its authors, this dialogue became fully developed by the middle of 19th century. In its subsequent development it has already passed the three main stages, which are labelled as the “tsarist”, the “Soviet” and the “early post-Soviet”. According to the authors the present situation can be described as the “late post-Soviet” stage. The article comprises a description and definition of this stage as well as a prognosis of its development in the future.

scholarly journals Studying the History of the Slavic Stishnoy Prologue: New Opportunities and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shcheglova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this review, the author analyses the Tarnovo Edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. Texts: Lexical Index (published by Bulgarian researchers Georgi Petkov and Maria Spasova) and focuses on the structure of the publication, providing a detailed description of the parts of each volume: prologue texts, prologue poems, the lexical index, and the index of saints’ names. The review evaluates the work from the point of view of its academic contribution. The reviewer largely agrees with the authors’ point of view on the history and the study of the Stishnoy Prologue set forth in the preface to the publication. While objecting to some points, the reviewer evaluates the work highly, considering it an important stage in the process of studying the history of the Stishnoy Prologue, one of the most widespread hagiographic calendar collections of the Middle Ages. The publication of the texts of the Stishnoy Prologue, even those in just the Tarnovo edition, can be a powerful catalyst for further textual criticism and linguistic studies of the numerous Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian copies that have survived to the present day. Ultimately, the reviewed publication can become the basis for a full-scale critical edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. The review emphasises the timeless significance of this publication for Slavic studies, its innovative character, its structural integrity, its theoretical sophistication, and the enormous practical importance of the work for Bulgarian philologists.

scholarly journals Romantic medievalism from a new comparative perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Dariusz Seweryn
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Romantic Movement ◽  
The Middle Ages

From certain point of view a desperate defense of an aesthetic doctrine of classicism, undertaken by Jan Śniadecki, a Polish mathematician and astronomer of the eighteenth century, resembles the E. R. Curtius’ thesis on “Latinism” as a universal factor integrating European culture; it may be stated that post-Stanislavian classical writers in Poland were driven by the same “concern for the preservation of Western culture” which motivated Ernst Robert Curtius in the times of the Third Reich and after its collapse. But the noble-minded intentions were in both cases grounded on similarly distorted perspective, which ensued from a mistificatory attitude towards a non-Latin heritage of the European culture. The range of that mystification or delusion has been fully revealed by findings made by modern so-called new comparative mythology/philology. Another aspect of the problem is an uniform model of the Middle Ages, partially correlated with the Enlightenment-based stereotype of “the dark Middle Ages”, which despite of its anachronism existed in literary studies for a surprisingly long period of time. Although the Romantic Movement of 18th – 19th centuries has been quite correctly acknowledged as an anti-Latinistic upheaval, its real connections with certain traditions of Middle Ages still remain not properly understood. Some concepts concerning Macpherson’s The Works of ossian, put forward by modern ethnology, may yield clues to the research on the question. As suggested by Joseph Falaky Nagy, Macpherson’s literary undertaking may by looked into as a parallel to Acallam na Senórach compiled in Ireland between 11th and 13th centuries: in both cases to respond to threats to the Gaelic culture there arose a literary monument and compendium of the commendable past with the core based on the Fenian heroic tradition that was the common legacy for the Irish and Highlanders. Taking into consideration some other evidence, it can be ascertained that Celtic and Germanic revival initiated in the second half of 18th century was not only one of the most important impulses for the Romantic Movement, but it was also, in a sense, an actual continuation of the efforts of mediaeval writers and compilers (Geoffrey of Monmouth, Snorri Sturluson, Saxo Grammaticus, anonymous compilers of Lebor gabála Érenn and Acallam, Wincenty Kadłubek), who would successfully combine Latin, i.e. classical, and ecclesiastical erudition with a desire to preserve and adapt in a creative way their own “pagan” and “barbarian” legacy. A special case of this (pre)Romantic revival concerns Slavic cultures, in particular the Polish one. Lack of source data on the oldest historical and cultural tradition of Slavic languages, especially in the Western region, and no record about Slavic tradition in highbrow literary culture induced two solutions: the first one was a production of philological forgeries (like Rukopis královédvorský and Rukopis zelenohorský), the second one was an attempt to someway reconstruct that lost heritage. Works of three Romantic historians, W. Surowiecki, W. A. Maciejowski, F. H. Lewestam, shows the method. Seemingly contradicting theories they put forward share common ground in aspects which are related to the characteristics of the first Slavic societies: a sense of being native inhabitants, pacifism, rich natural resources based on highly-effective agriculture, dynamic demography, a flattened social hierarchy and physical prowess. The fact of even greater importance is that the image of that kind has the mythological core, the circumstance which remains hitherto unnoticed. Polish historians not only tended to identify historical ancient Slavs with mythical Scandinavian Vanir (regarding it obvious), but also managed to recall the great Indo-European theme of ”founding conflict” (in Dumézilian terms), despite whole that mythological model being far beyond the horizon of knowledge at that time. Despite all anachronisms, lack of knowledge and instrumental involvement in aesthetic, political or religious ideology, Romanticism really started the restitution of the cultural legacy of the Middle Ages, also in domain of linguistic and philological research. The consequences of that fact should be taken into account in literary history studies.

scholarly journals Roberto Grosseteste: epistemología aristotélica y ciencia teológica / Robert Grosseteste: Aristotelian Epistemology and Theological Science

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Celina A. LÉRTORA MENDOZA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The intoduccion of the Aristotelian Analytica Posteriora in the Middle Ages and their diffusion all through 13th century caused significant changes in the conception of the scientific knowledges, including those of the Theology.This one was clearly distinguished from the Philosophy. In this work I show Grosseteste’s main theological ideas and the lineaments of its epistemological justification: the object and the method of the Theology.

scholarly journals Medical treatment of animals in slavs in the middle ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
V. Prysyazhnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Wine Vinegar ◽  
Cutaneous Form ◽  
Full Sense ◽  
The Middle Ages

How the treatment of animals in Galicia evolved before the first printed veterinary works appeared today is little known to tell. The reason for this is the lack of relevant historical research in this area. However, this gap will no doubt be widened over time. This work is long and exhausting, since it is based on archival research and also on literature, which refers to a specific period. These will be pieces from different spheres of life, which, after proper segregation, will make it possible to complete this chapter. The above mentioned text of the treatment of horses by Slavs since 1394 is the oldest known mention of an equine doctor, as well as the salary for surgery and payment for medication. Confirming that in medieval Galicia, both the forging and the treatment of horses belonged to the blacksmith's duties. Preparation of medicines for horses was carried out by those who treated them. The blacksmiths, who were treated, began to be called Konoval. The oldest mention is recorded on parchment in 1505, also there is a guild sign of people of this profession. This is also evidenced by the engraving, whose origins date back to the Middle Ages. Blacksmiths are in the first place in the Middle Ages like equestrian doctors, they are already mentioned in the literature from the XI century. The grooms appear near the blacksmiths, but the name of the groom began dating only in the early 13th century. Since then, there are the first written mentions of poultry, falconers and dog-keepers. They were responsible for the care and treatment of the poultries or animals that had been cared for. In addition to agricultural content, there were also guidelines for the treatment and breeding of pets. In very few cases, veterinary writers describe the signs or causes of diseases, mainly by continuing to give the name of the disease and method of treatment. Therefore, treatment is empirical in the full sense of the word. Following the custom at the time of treatment, describe the treatment of each disease, as it is today in surgery, that is, starting from the head and ending at the feet. When the doctor could not make the correct diagnosis, he called the horse sick and recommended to treat it with a mixture consisting of butter, eggs and salt. By the term “attack” the author understood the signs of a very acute and usually fatal illness. Since drugs that deserve attention, we recommend sulfur, copper greens, turpentine, mustard, quicklime, mercury, tar, used as an ointment or liniment for external treatment. In addition to the aforementioned measures, the burning of the ferrous iron of the tumors was applied and then sprinkled with green copper, indicating the treatment of cutaneous form of sap. Medicines can be divided into three groups, namely: Medicinal products of vegetable, animal and mineral origin. The medicines were mixed and prepared mainly by the horse doctor, the medicines consisted mainly of home remedies and were readily available to anyone. In the liquid form were infused into the mouth, nose, enemas, ablution, bathing. Water, wine, vinegar and olive oil are the basis for liquid medicines. Ointments, suppositories, patches, pastes and poultices were used in the condensed form, Ointments are often used in a warm state. The basis for this was fats and wax. In the form of powdered substances that have blown into the eye or wounds. In addition to the above remedies, medicinal products and magical procedures were used for therapeutic purposes: words with superstitious signs related to religious worship were used to achieve treatment. Dressings and surgical instruments. A horn was served to deliver the medication, with certain preparations filled in the horn. Wounds were washed using a copper syringe. A leather bag made of the same material has replaced today's pourer. A hoof knife, a blood dispenser, a razor to remove hair are also mentioned, and also iron for burning ulcers and eczema. The dressing material is hemp yarn, scarves, mostly blue, spartan shale.

scholarly journals Trends in Colouring Blue Glass in Central Europe in Relation to Changes in Chemical Composition of Glass from the Middle Ages to Modern Age

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová ◽  
Michal Gelnar ◽  
Simona Randáková
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Blue Glass ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study deals with the development of the chemical composition of blue glass from the 13th to the 19th century in the region of Bohemia (Central Europe). Nearly 100 glass samples (colourless, greenish, and blue) were evaluated by an XRF method to distinguish the colouring components of blue glass. As early as in the 13th century, blue glass based on ash containing colouring ions of Co and Cu was produced here. To achieve the blue colour of glass, a copper-rich raw material was most likely applied. This information significantly complements the existing knowledge about glass colouring in the Middle Ages, as the glass of later periods was typically coloured with raw materials containing cobalt.

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