scholarly journals IN-GROUND CEMETERY OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD NEAR THE VILLAGE OF KSIZOVO IN THE UPPER DON REGION (NEW DATA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Ю. Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Spindle Whorls ◽  
Don River ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Village ◽  
Insight Into

Комплекс памятников конца V - III в. до н. э., расположенный на р. Дон у с. Ксизово в Задонском районе Липецкой обл., включает городище, селище и грунтовый могильник. В результате радиоуглеродного датирования и анализа вещевых находок к названным столетиям отнесено пять захоронений, ранее соотносимых с гуннским временем. В итоге стало известно 17 погребений скифской эпохи, включая два парных. В них по обряду ингумации и в сопровождении довольно скудного инвентаря (стрелы, браслеты, серьги, бусы, пряслица) были захоронены 9 мужчин, 9 женщин и ребенок. Данные бескурганные комплексы дают представление о погребальных традициях оседлого населения донской лесостепи. The studied group of sites dating to the end of 5 - 3 cc. BC is located on the Don river near the village of Ksizovo in the Zadonsk district, Lipetsk region. The group includes a fortified settlement, an unfortified settlement and an in-ground cemetery. The radiocarbon dating and analysis of the found artifacts refer the five graves earlier dated to the Hun period to the above-mentioned centuries. Today the number of the Scythian graves totals 17, including two double burials. Nine males, nine females and one child were buried in these graves performed according to the inhumation funerary rite with rather scarce funeral offerings (arrowheads, bracelets, pendants, beads, spindle whorls). These burial sites without kurgans give an insight into funerary traditions of the sedentary population inhabiting the Don forest-steppe belt.

scholarly journals RITUAL PITS AT THE MIDDLE DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-260
Author(s):  
Ю.Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Products ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
New Information ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Votive Offerings

На городищах и селищах скифоидной культуры, существовавших в VIIII вв. до н. э. в лесостепной части бассейна Дона, фактически не были известны сооружения культового назначения. Для выявления таковых были проанализированы имеющиеся поселенческие материалы. Оказалось, что не менее 16 ям, открытых на шести памятниках и считавшихся хозяйственными, необходимо интерпретировать как ритуальные комплексы. Основанием для этого послужили специфичные находки и стратиграфия. Семь ям содержали человеческие кости вместе с костями животных и фрагментами керамики. В другие в качестве вотивных приношений были помещены наконечники стрел и копья, орудия труда, глиняные поделки и сосуды, нередко преднамеренно разбитые. Есть немногочисленные ритуальные захоронения собак. Как правило, в ямах имеются следы костров или продукты горения. Более половины сооружений найдены на Семилукском городище. Они, несомненно, были связаны с размещавшимися там же массовыми захоронениями. С выделением серии культовых комплексов появилась совершенно новая информация о сакральной сфере жизни оседлого населения региона. In reality, religious constructions have not been found at Scythoid hillforts and unfortified settlements in the forest-steppe belt of the Don basin. Settlement materials were analyzed to identify such constructions. The analysis demonstrated that at least 16 pits (Figs. 1-3) discovered at six sites that were considered to be of household character are to be interpreted as ritual complexes. Specific finds and stratigraphy were used to justify this conclusion. Seven pits contained human bones along with animal bones and ceramic fragments. Arrowheads and spearheads, implements, clay objects and vessels which were, in many cases, deliberately broken (Figs. 4; 5) were placed into some pits as votive offerings. There are some ritual burials of dogs that are few in number. Pits tend to show traces of fire or combustion products. More than half of such constructions were found at Semiluki. They are definitely associated with mass burials located at this settlement. Now that a series of religious complexes has been singled out, we have absolutely new information on sacral life of the sedentary population living in this region

scholarly journals REVISITING THE LIFE STYLE OF THE DON FOREST-STEPPE BELT POPULATION DURING THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD (THE CASE STUDY OF THE KSIZOVO-19 CEMETERY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
И. К. Решетова ◽  
М. В. Добровольская ◽  
А. Н. Меркулов
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Very High

В статье рассмотрены палеоантропологические материалы грунтовых захоронений середины I тыс. до н. э., расположенных на территории Верхнего Дона. Находки получены в результате раскопок многослойного памятника Ксизово-19. Работы проводились Раннеславянской археологической экспедицией ИА РАН под руководством А. М. Обломского. Исследование антропологических коллекций проводилось по комплексной биоархеологической программе и позволило осветить ряд вопросов об образе жизни населения этой эпохи. Были проанализированы показатели уровня стрессов и физических нагрузок в рассматриваемой группе. Следует обратить внимание на очень высокий процент присутствия зубных патологий. При сравнении серий из грунтовых погребений и подкурганных захоронений выявлены различия в состоянии зубочелюстной системы и присутствие патологических состояний, фиксируемых на зубах в большей степени в группе из курганов. The paper provides an overview of paleoanthropological remnants from ground burials dating back to the mid I mill. BC located in the Upper Don region. The finds were obtained during excavations of the Ksizovo-19 multi-layer site. The excavations were carried out by the Early Slavic Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, led by A. M. Oblomskiy. The study of the anthropological assemblages was performed according to a comprehensive bioarchaeological program. This makes it possible to cover a number of issues regarding the life style of the population at that time. The stress level and physical activity in the studied group were analyzed. A very high percentage of dental pathologies should be noted. Comparison of series from the ground burials and the kurgans burials revealed differences in the conditions of the dentofacial systems and presence of a greater number of pathological conditions of the teeth in the kurgan series.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION MODELS OF IRONWORKING IN FOREST – STEPPE AND STEPPE SCYTHIA (BELSKOYE AND KAMENSKOYE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.И. Завьялов ◽  
Н.Н. Терехова
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
High Level

Скифский период время начала железного века в Восточной Европе, возникновения ремесленных центров. Наиболее яркими из них в лесостепной зоне является Бельское городище, в степной зоне Каменское городище. В результате археометаллографического исследования установлено, что технологический уровень развития железообработки в обоих центрах был высок. Но производственные модели существенно различались. На Бельском городище местное развитие кузнечного ремесла испытало воздействие высокоразвитого (вероятно, античного) производственного центра. На Каменском городище железообрабатывающее производство возникает под непосредственным влиянием кавказских производственных традиций. The Scythian period is the time of the Early Bronze Age in Eastern Europe and the emergence of craft centers. The Belskoye hillfort is the most impressive of such sites in the forest steppe belt, the same goes for the Kamenskoye fortified settlement located in the steppe belt. The archaeometallographic study found out that the technical level of ironworking development in the both centers had reached high level. However, production models differed substantially. Local blacksmith craft development at Belskoye was influenced by a highly developed (most likely, ancient Greek) production center. At Kamenskoye ironworking emerged under direct influence of Caucasian production traditions.

scholarly journals SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF EARLY MEDIEVAL GROUPS IN THE TRANS-URALS

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
V.M. Kostomarov ◽  
E.A. Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Voronoi Polygons ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Medieval Population

The article considers the settlement of Early Medieval population in the Trans-Urals (4th–9th centuries AD). The study is based on the data about the location of monuments attributed to the Bakal culture, which are re-corded on the territory of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve and its water system in the area of the modern forest-steppe belt. The relevance of the study is determined by the following points: presentation of new data on the monu-ments of the Bakal culture; analysis of the settlement system and landscape use in the specified period; identifica-tion of economic areas characteristic of the early medieval population. In this study, the authors used the methods and approaches of landscape and settlement archaeology. In addition to the spatial and morphological character-istics, the source database includes data on the Earth's digital model drawing on SRTM30 data. The analysed materials (81 monuments — 36 hillforts, 40 villages, 5 burial grounds) were collected in one geoinformation sys-tem; the authors proposed an improved classification of fortified villages, which provides the opportunity to char-acterise the economic structure of the Bakal groups in a new way. The hillforts comprise 27 terrace settlements located on the high bedrock coasts of rivers, as well as 9 floodplain fortified settlements situated on isolated hills. When identifying economic zones on the basis of constructed Thiessen (Voronoi) polygons, it was found that there was one or, less often, two fortified villages (hillforts) in the centre of one zone. Settlements were located not far from the centre (most often in a floodplain). The analysis of direct visibility from the settlements showed that direct visual watch was kept over the villages in the floodplain, with the visibility zones covering large flood-plain sectors, thereby providing fairly tight control of the territory. It was established that the burial grounds were located in the immediate vicinity of fortified villages. The analysis revealed a correlation between the location of the village and the economy of the Bakal population, where cattle, prevailing in quantity, played an important role. This is due to the presence of large fortified settlements located in floodplains, whose population kept livestock. The authors established a system of the settlement and space-related occupation of the Medieval population in the Trans-Urals, with hillforts being the main centres used to control the territory simultaneously performing the functions of political, trade and economic centres.

scholarly journals THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF THE HUN PERIOD NEAR THE VERKHNEYE KAZACHYE VILLAGEAT THE DON OSTRAYA LUKA BEND

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
The Town ◽  
Clay Pots

Излучина Верхнего Дона в округе г. Задонска Липецкой области насыщена поселениями второй четверти I тыс. н. э. Статья включает в их число городище у с. Верхнее Казачье, недавно исследованное на площади 1299 кв. м. В ней анализируются стратиграфические данные и результаты радиоуглеродного датирования, рассматриваются фортификационные и бытовые сооружения, характеризуются керамический и вещевой комплексы. Площадку городища с разных сторон ограничивают две линии укреплений, созданных в скифо-сарматскую эпоху. В той и другой имелось, судя по керамике в заполнении, три рва, сооруженных в гуннское время. В раскопах выявлены три наземных жилища (их местоположение указали очаги), 34 столбовые и хозяйственные ямы. Найдено свыше 10 тыс. фрагментов кухонных и столовых глиняных сосудов (как лепных, заглаженных или лощеных, так и, в подавляюще меньшем числе, круговых), а также более 120 орудий труда и предметов быта из металлов, глины, камня и кости. Аналогии найденным материалам дают возможность датировать памятник концом IV - V в. н. э. С его исследованием пополнилось количество городищ, известных ранее в лесостепной части бассейна Дона в числе четырех. The bend of the Upper Don near the town of Zadonsk in the Lipetsk region is rich with settlements dating to the second fourth of I millennium AD. This paper refers a settlement near the Verkhneye Kazachye village where 1299 m2 have been recently excavated to this group. It analyzes stratigraphic data and radiocarbon dating results, examines fortification constructions and household dwellings and characterizes ceramic and artifact assemblages. The settlement site is bound from various sides by two fortification lines built during the Scythian and Sarmatian period. Judging by the ceramics in the fills, both lines had three ditches were made during the Hun period. Three above-ground dwellings (their location was identified on the basis of hearths), 34 postholes and refuse pits were identified in the excavation trenches. More than 10,000 fragments of kitchen and table clay pots (both hand-made, with smoothed and burnished surface and wheel-made, though in smaller quantities) were found. Tools and implements are represented by more than 120 finds made from metal, clay, stone and bone. Analogies to the retrieved materials date the site to the late 4th -5th centuries AD. The excavation of this settlement has enlarged the list of fortified sites discovered earlier in the forest-steppe belt of the Don region to four.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE EARLY IRON AGE MOUNDS IN THE BASIN OF THE ROS RIVER

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263
Author(s):  
V. V. Romanyuk ◽  
D. S. Grechko ◽  
O. D. Mogylov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Natural Boundary ◽  
Burned Bones ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Secondary Burial ◽  
The Village

The paper is devoted to the publication of materials of two early Iron Age burial mounds in Porossya on the territory of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-Steppe. Monuments were located near the Lysa Gora natural boundary and the village Novoselytsya near Tarascha. Small barrows with a height about 0.5—0.65 m and a diameter near 10—14 m contained burials in rectangular graves with a small entrances. Above on them the special ground areas were constructed, then they were covered with a mound. The burial ceremony could be either incomplete cremation on the site of the mound, or the secondary burial of burned bones. Complexes can be dated by the pre-Scythian time or the beginning of the early Scythian period, and belong to the local settled population.

RADIOCARBON DATING OF A LATE ANTIQUE NECROPOLIS FROM FELANITX (MALLORCA, BALEARIC ISLANDS)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
C Mas Florit ◽  
M Á Cau Ontiveros ◽  
M Van Strydonck ◽  
M Boudin ◽  
F Cardona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
The Village ◽  
Grave Goods

ABSTRACT The excavation of a building in the village of Felanitx in the eastern part of the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands) has revealed the existence of a small necropolis. The inhumations did not provide grave goods except for a bronze belt buckle for which the typological study suggests a Late Antique chronology. The stratigraphical sequence however seems to suggest a possible evolution of the space across time since some graves are cut by others. In order to obtain an absolute date for the necropolis and to verify if there are chronological differences between the graves, a total of 6 human bones samples have been 14C dated by AMS. The results of the radiocarbon dating confirm a Late Antique chronology (4th to 7th century AD) for the graves but do not suggest a chronological evolution. Despite the fact that the knowledge of the necropolis is still fragmentary, the results are extremely important because they provide an absolute date for a Late Antique necropolis in the Mallorcan rural area.

SUITABILITY OF ACID-SOLUBLE AND ACID-INSOLUBLE LEATHER FRACTIONS IN RADIOCARBON DATING

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alyssa M Tate ◽  
Brittany Hundman ◽  
Jonathan Heile
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acid Soluble Collagen ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Leather has been produced by a variety of methods throughout human history, providing researchers unique insight into multiple facets of social and economic life in the past. Archaeologically recovered leather is often fragile and poorly preserved, leading to the use of various conservation and restoration efforts that may include the application of fats, oils, or waxes. Such additives introduce exogenous carbon to the leather, contaminating the specimen. These contaminants, in addition to those accumulated during interment, must be removed through chemical pretreatment prior to radiocarbon (14C) dating to ensure accurate dating. DirectAMS utilizes organic solvents, acid-base-acid (ABA) and gelatinization for all leather samples. Collagen yield from leather samples is variable due to the method of production and the quality of preservation. However, evaluating the acid-soluble collagen fraction, when available, provides the most accurate 14C dates for leather samples. In instances where gelatinization does not yield sufficient material, the resulting acid-insoluble fraction may be dated. Here we examine the effectiveness of the combined organic solvent and ABA pretreatment with gelatinization for leather samples, as well as the suitability of the acid-insoluble fraction for 14C dating.

scholarly journals THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BURIED AT THE SCYTHIAN AGE CEMETERY NEAR SVITLOVODSK CITY (ACCORDING TO CRANIOLOGY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-292
Author(s):  
S. I. Kruts ◽  
T. O. Rudych
Keyword(s):  
Middle Level ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Male Population ◽  
The Face ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The Village

The anthropological composition of the population buried at the cemetery of the Scythian Age near Svitlovodsk city (Kirovograd region) is analyzed in the paper. The burial ground is located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. The anthropological material under study comes from cemetery without mounds. Archaeologists date the main massif of burials to the 4th century BC. The anthropological composition of the population that was buried at this burial ground was not homogenous. The male series of skulls is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolichocranic skull. The face is of medium size, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is medium, but with a tendency to the sharp; at the middle level, the face is strongly profiled. The orbital and nasal indexes are medium. The bones of the nose are moderately protruding. The average characteristics of the male population fit into the range of variations of the Scythian series. The male series belongs morphologically and statistically to the circle of the steppe Scythian groups. The male group from the burial ground near the city of Svitlovodsk is close to the series from the Nikolaevka burial ground on the Dnister River, the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Shirokoe (Left Bank of the Dnieper River), the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Vyshchetarassivka, a series of skulls from the Mykhailivka burial ground. Of the forest-steppe series, only the combined group of skulls from the Trypillya region is somewhat close to it. All these statistically and morphologically similar groups originate from different territories. This illustrates the specifics of the settlement and demonstrates the mobility of the Scythian groups. The female series from the burial ground is characterized by a long, narrow, medium-high skull, mesocranic in shape. The size of the face is small, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is moderate, at the zygomaxilar level it belongs to the category of sharp, but with a tendency to moderate. The orbital index is medium, the nasal index belongs to the large category. The bones of the nose are medium protruding. The female series from Svitlovodsk burial ground turns out to be the most gracile among the Scythian series in Ukraine. For this reason, it differs significantly from the entire massif of the steppe Scythian series. The closest to the Svitlovodsk series is a group from mounds near Nikopol.

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