SUITABILITY OF ACID-SOLUBLE AND ACID-INSOLUBLE LEATHER FRACTIONS IN RADIOCARBON DATING

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alyssa M Tate ◽  
Brittany Hundman ◽  
Jonathan Heile
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acid Soluble Collagen ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Leather has been produced by a variety of methods throughout human history, providing researchers unique insight into multiple facets of social and economic life in the past. Archaeologically recovered leather is often fragile and poorly preserved, leading to the use of various conservation and restoration efforts that may include the application of fats, oils, or waxes. Such additives introduce exogenous carbon to the leather, contaminating the specimen. These contaminants, in addition to those accumulated during interment, must be removed through chemical pretreatment prior to radiocarbon (14C) dating to ensure accurate dating. DirectAMS utilizes organic solvents, acid-base-acid (ABA) and gelatinization for all leather samples. Collagen yield from leather samples is variable due to the method of production and the quality of preservation. However, evaluating the acid-soluble collagen fraction, when available, provides the most accurate 14C dates for leather samples. In instances where gelatinization does not yield sufficient material, the resulting acid-insoluble fraction may be dated. Here we examine the effectiveness of the combined organic solvent and ABA pretreatment with gelatinization for leather samples, as well as the suitability of the acid-insoluble fraction for 14C dating.

scholarly journals Overview of Quality of Life of Older Lesbians and Trans Women in India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mani A
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Queer Women ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
Women In India ◽  
Insight Into

It is well-known that lesbians, trans and queer women face considerable discrimination, exclusion, stigmatization, and abuse in India. That is over and above the misogyny and discrimination faced by women in the patriarchal country. LGBTQIA people were also criminalized by law till recently. In spite of all the oppression and discrimination, lesbians and trans women have always existed in the country. A number of small sample studies with limited focus have been conducted by academic bodies, NGOs, and few state transgender boards over the past few years. Some of these studies provide direct or indirect insight into the quality of life of older trans women and lesbians (QOLO). In this research, these studies are reviewed in detail from a QOLO perspective, and a number of critical conclusions are arrived at by the present author. Further, an enhanced version of QOL (and QOLO) for lesbians is also proposed by her. It is hoped that this research would be useful for motivating interdisciplinary work in a relatively neglected area.

scholarly journals World Records: How Much Athlete? How Much Technology?

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
Balance Model ◽  
Power Balance ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
World Record ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
World Records ◽  
Insight Into

The quality of performance during international competitions such as the Olympic Games and various world championships is often judged by the number of world records attained. The simple fact that world records continue to improve is evidence that sports performance is progressing. Does this also mean that athletes are improving? Is the continual progression of world-record performances evidence that contemporary athletes are superior to the athletes who performed in the past? Technological developments may obscure insight into the athletic enhancement made by athletes over the years. This commentary tries to separate technological and athletic enhancement in the progression of world records by the use of a power balance model.

scholarly journals Trends of Acupuncture Therapy on Depression From 2011 to 2020: A Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongchun Xiang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Bocun Li ◽  
Qian Tan ◽  
Guowei Cai
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Status And Trends ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Analyze Data

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the current status and trends of acupuncture for depression in the last decade and provide new insights for researchers in future studies.Methods: The articles regarding acupuncture treatment for depression published between 2011 and 2020 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace to analyze data on publications, countries, institutions, cited journals, cited authors, cited references, keywords, and citation bursts about acupuncture and depression.Results: A total of 1,032 publications were obtained from 2011 to 2020. We identified the most prolific journals, countries, institutions, and authors in the field of acupuncture for depression in the last decade. The most prolific country and institutions were the People's Republic of China and KyungHee University, respectively. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine was the most prolific and cited journal. The author with the highest centrality was Zhangjin Zhang, and the author with the most publications was Park Hi-Joon. The keyword “cognitive behavioral therapy” was first for research developments with the highest citation burst. The five hot topics in acupuncture on depression were “acupuncture,” “depression,” “electro-acupuncture,” “quality of life,” and “anxiety.”Conclusions: The results from this bibliometric study provide insight into the research trends in acupuncture therapy for depression, and the current status and trends of the past decade, which may help researchers determine the current status, hotspots, and frontier trends in this field.

scholarly journals A New Database Program Installed at the SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 567-572
Author(s):  
Brian G Tripney ◽  
Philip Naysmith ◽  
Gordon T Cook
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Of Results ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
The Past ◽  
Database Program ◽  
Monitoring Quality

The SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory has recently replaced its spreadsheet-based record keeping with a new database program, custom designed to help laboratory staff manage the high throughput of nearly 5000 cathodes in the past year. The system can accept data from a variety of sources in addition to manual entry; experimental results can be uploaded from spreadsheets, while integration with graphitization lines means that graphite yields are automatically recorded. The system is able to pass14C results directly to OxCal v 4 for calibration, with the resulting plots incorporated into the dating certificates issued to submitters. There are also benefits to submitters, with electronic sample submission both eliminating transcription errors and speeding up the logging-in process, which keeps turnaround times down. For bone samples, data on collagen yields are now stored electronically and are more readily obtainable from the laboratory. The new SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory database will make a significant contribution to maintaining the high quality of results produced by the laboratory, aiding staff in tracking sample progress, and monitoring quality assurance (QA) samples going through the laboratory, eliminating transcription errors, and making communication easier between laboratory staff and sample submitters.

Interpreting Radiocarbon Dates from the Paleolithic Layers of Theopetra Cave in Thessaly, Greece

Radiocarbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1432-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yorgos Facorellis ◽  
Panagiotis Karkanas ◽  
Thomas Higham ◽  
Fiona Brock ◽  
Maria Ntinou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Weizmann Institute ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Cosmogenic Isotopes ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Age Limits

Theopetra Cave is a unique prehistoric site for Greece, as the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods are present here, bridging the Pleistocene with the Holocene. During the more than 20 yr of excavation campaigns, charcoal samples from hearths suitable for 14C dating were collected from all anthropogenic layers, including the Paleolithic ones. Most of the samples were initially dated using the ABA chemical pretreatment protocol in the Laboratory of Archaeometry of NCSR Demokritos, Greece, and the Radiocarbon Dating and Cosmogenic Isotopes Laboratory of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. The 14C results, which were not always consistent versus depth, showed that the earliest limit of human presence is ∼50,000 yr BP, thus reaching the age limits of the 14C dating method. However, 10 TL-dated burnt flint specimens unearthed from the lower part of the Middle Paleolithic sequence of the cave gave ages ranging between ∼110 and 135 kyr ago. These results are in disagreement with the 14C dates, as they support a much later date for these layers. In order to clarify the situation further, charcoal samples originating from hearths were conventionally dated in the Laboratory of Archaeometry of NCSR Demokritos using the ABA pretreatment. Additionally, hand-picked charcoal fragments also underwent 14C dating by AMS in the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit using the acid-base wet oxidation (ABOX-SC) pretreatment protocol. The 14C dates from the cave's Paleolithic layers obtained by both pretreatment protocols suggest a probable charcoal diagenesis affecting the 14C results of these very old samples. However, the dates obtained with ABOX-SC pretreatment are considered more reliable and in the younger stratigraphic part produced consistent results with the TL dating.

scholarly journals Methodological challenges to evaluating the health economic impact of nutritional interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jordana Kate Schmier ◽  
Ellen T Chang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Uncertainty Measurement ◽  
Insight Into

Enhancing the diet by increasing or decreasing consumption of selected foods or nutrients is a well-accepted method of improving population health in certain settings.  However, the economic impact of most dietary interventions is largely unknown.  Studies in the past decade have started to estimate the effects on healthcare costs, often through economic models, but the evaluation of nutritional interventions is challenging and faces uncertainties unique to the domain, compared with more straightforward analyses of medical or surgical interventions.  This paper discusses three main areas of uncertainty: measurement of consumption, assessing effectiveness, and considerations about the economic inputs to a model.  Insight into these sources of uncertainty can help readers assess the quality of existing studies, and provide guidance for their future research.

scholarly journals Directions of improving the quality of in-service teacher training in Serbia: The perspectives of different participants

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Ivana Djeric ◽  
Vladeta Milin ◽  
Dejan Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Topical Issue ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
N 93 ◽  
Insight Into

Improving the quality of in-service teacher training is a very topical issue in educational policies of a number of countries. This segment of the system was also subject to considerable changes in Serbia in the past ten years. The changes brought about certain improvements, but also opened up numerous dilemmas and issues. This paper is aimed at acquiring an insight into the opinions of different participants on the ways of improving the quality of in-service teacher training. The sample included three groups of respondents: the employees in education bureaucracy and experts in the field of education (N=34), principals (N=50) and expert associates from primary schools (N=93). We developed a questionnaire for the purposes of this research, using open-ended questions to collect respondents? suggestions on improving the quality of in-service teacher training. The content analysis method was used to process the collected data. Research results point to three directions of the necessary changes: (1) better governing of the system of in-service teacher training, (2) providing funding and other forms of support, and (3) higher flexibility of in-service teacher training and implementation of the acquired knowledge. The range and quality of respondents? suggestions demonstrate the need to take into account different perspectives in overcoming the difficulties in the system and practice of in-service teacher training. Consequently, the obtained results should be observed as a contribution to creating a more purposeful and efficient system of in-service teacher training.

scholarly journals How Student Reflections Have Guided the Evolution of a Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design Course

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Machiel Van der Loos ◽  
Antony Hodgson ◽  
Jon Mikkelsen ◽  
Markus Fengler
Keyword(s):  
Professional Growth ◽  
Teaching Evaluations ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Of British Columbia ◽  
Teaching Team ◽  
The University ◽  
Student Reflections ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Capstone Design

To provide for professional growth of students and to gain deeper insight into student engagement in the University of British Columbia MECH Capstone Design Project Course, the teaching team has deployed an open-ended reflection opportunity over the past 6 years as an adjunct to the required teaching evaluations. Three years of year-end questionnaires and three years of bi-monthly instructor-led reflection sessions form the datasets. Although the two formats are fundamentally different, the quality of the responses provides evidence of high student awareness of their own learning process and a desire to be a meaningful contributor in the conversation on course improvement.

Radiocarbon Dating of Bones at the LARA Laboratory in Bern, Switzerland

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sönke Szidat ◽  
Edith Vogel ◽  
Regula Gubler ◽  
Sandra Lösch
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Bulk Sediment ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
University Of Bern ◽  
The University

AbstractThe Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) was established at the University of Bern in 2013. Since then, the quality of sample preparation and radiocarbon measurement procedures have been validated for different materials such as plant remains, macrofossils, bulk sediment, charcoals, and wood. This article presents the optimization of sample pretreatment of bones based on protocols described in the literature. The extraction of collagen was performed with an acid-base-acid treatment, gelatinization, coarse filtration, lyophilization, and graphitization. Dating results were validated as satisfactory for the Holocene by investigation of 36 individual samples previously dated by other 14C laboratories including VIRI/SIRI materials and from well-known archaeological contexts. An additional blank contribution for bone treatment was determined by comparison with the preparation of other sample materials. The cases of two outliers from the Holocene were studied in detail.

scholarly journals A New Database Program Installed at the SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G Tripney ◽  
Philip Naysmith ◽  
Gordon T Cook
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Of Results ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
The Past ◽  
Database Program ◽  
Monitoring Quality

The SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory has recently replaced its spreadsheet-based record keeping with a new database program, custom designed to help laboratory staff manage the high throughput of nearly 5000 cathodes in the past year. The system can accept data from a variety of sources in addition to manual entry; experimental results can be uploaded from spreadsheets, while integration with graphitization lines means that graphite yields are automatically recorded. The system is able to pass 14C results directly to OxCal v 4 for calibration, with the resulting plots incorporated into the dating certificates issued to submitters. There are also benefits to submitters, with electronic sample submission both eliminating transcription errors and speeding up the logging-in process, which keeps turnaround times down. For bone samples, data on collagen yields are now stored electronically and are more readily obtainable from the laboratory. The new SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory database will make a significant contribution to maintaining the high quality of results produced by the laboratory, aiding staff in tracking sample progress, and monitoring quality assurance (QA) samples going through the laboratory, eliminating transcription errors, and making communication easier between laboratory staff and sample submitters.

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