scholarly journals Reflexões sobre a intensificação de adjetivos modais epistémicos por 'muito' e 'bem' em Português Europeu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Cantante
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Degree Modifiers

Our research aims to investigate the semantic differences between muito (much/very) and bem (well), as degree modifiers, when applied to modal adjectives. These adjectives, contrary to the qualificative ones, predicate over situations and not individuals. Although these intensifiers, that is, muito and bem, are in some ways similar to each other, they also have several differences, as observed by Quadros Gomes (2011). Previous work (Horn, 1989; Oliveira, 1988; 2000; 2013; Ferreira, 2013; Cantante, 2018; 2020, e.o.) has shown that modal adjectives, like qualificative adjectives, are gradable and, therefore, ordered along a scale. Taking into consideration this similarity between these two types of adjectives, and, also, the differences between muito and bem, the present work aims to explore the scalar behaviour of epistemic modal adjectives, particularly when intensified by these degree modifiers. While investigating the adjectives possível (possible), provável (probable), necessário (necessary) and certo (certain) (the latter being the only adjective located on the top of the scale), this research allowed us to find that, apart from certo, which did not accept to be modified by muito, both these adverbs act by moving the adjectives to higher points of the scale. However, it is not evident, contrary to Quadros Gomes’ claims (2011), that bem has the capacity to put these adjectives on the top of the scale, therefore closing it. It is also important to acknowledge that, although bem moves the adjectives to higher points of the scale – even higher than the movement promoted by muito – this adverb, when modifying modal adjectives, seems to contain a second component to its meaning, which involves a modal evaluation, responsible for emphasizing the degree of certainty of the speaker regarding the situation described in the utterance.

The Certainty Principle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
High Level

Chapter 18 concerns the principle of contract law that damages must be proved with reasonable certainty. In practice this principle is usually applied to cut off profits that a promisee claims he would have made if the promisor had performed. Under classical contract law the degree of certainty required to prove lost profits was typically set at a high level and the use of probability-based analysis was explicitly or implicitly rejected. This approach is often referred to as the all-or-nothing rule. It is dramatically out of touch with the reality of probability and has begun to be less widely followed.

scholarly journals Assessing Short-Term Fertility Intentions and Their Realisation Using the Generations and Gender Survey: Pitfalls and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽  
Eva Beaujouan
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Fertility Intention ◽  
National Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Questionnaire Adaptation ◽  
Cross National

AbstractThe use of fertility intention questions to study individual childbearing behaviour has developed rapidly in recent decades. In Europe, the Generations and Gender Surveys are the main sources of cross-national data on fertility intentions and their realisation. This study investigates how an inconsistent implementation of a question about wanting a child now affects the cross-country comparability of intentions to have a child within the next three years and their realisation. We conduct our analysis separately for women and men at prime and late reproductive ages in Austria, France, Italy and Poland. The results show that the overall share of respondents intending to have a child at some point in their life is similar in all four analysed countries. However, once the time horizon and the degree of certainty of fertility intentions are included, substantial cross-country differences appear, particularly in terms of proceptive behaviour and, consequently, the realisation of fertility intentions. We conclude that the inconsistent questionnaire adaptation makes it very difficult to assess the role of country context in the realisation of childbearing intentions.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Communicating the Uncertainty of Climate Change to Policymakers: A Study of IPCC Synthesis Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2466
Author(s):  
Tomas Molina ◽  
Ernest Abadal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Ipcc Report ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tackle Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports on climate change have served to alert both the public and policymakers about the scope of the predicted changes and the effects they would have on natural and economic systems. The first IPCC report was published in 1990, since which time a further four have been produced. The aim of this study was to conduct a content analysis of the IPCC Summaries for Policymakers in order to determine the degree of certainty associated with the statements they contain. For each of the reports we analyzed all statements containing expressions indicating the corresponding level of confidence. The aggregated results show a shift over time towards higher certainty levels, implying a “Call to action” (from 32.8% of statements in IPCC2 to 70.2% in IPCC5). With regard to the international agreements drawn up to tackle climate change, the growing level of confidence expressed in the IPCC Summaries for Policymakers reports might have been a relevant factor in the history of decision making.

The Pitressin Diagnosis of Idiopathic Epilepsy

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (375) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Blyth
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Idiopathic Epilepsy ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Average Hospital ◽  
Hospital Practice ◽  
Hospital Case ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Prolonged Observation ◽  
Made In

As a rule, in hospital practice there’ is little urgency for a rapid diagnosis in idiopathic epilepsy to be effected, and doubtful cases can be submitted to prolonged observation until an actual seizure has resulted. There are, however, certain occasions when the necessity arises for the establishment of a definite diagnosis as early as possible. In the average hospital case, the period of observation necessary will be a matter of days or, at the most, a week or so, but in cases of irregular seizures at infrequent intervals, this period may have to be extended into months before any opinion can be offered. It is with a view to curtailing this period of observation that an attempt has been made in this investigation to determine a method whereby the condition can be diagnosed with a degree of certainty in the absence of seizures.

scholarly journals New biohumoral markers of differential diagnosis in patients with suspected heart failure

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 387-392
Author(s):  
Radomir Matunovic ◽  
Zdravko Mijailovic ◽  
Milorad Rabrenovic ◽  
Violeta Rabrenovic
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Acute Patient ◽  
Degree Of Certainty

Introduction. In the regular clinic practice, the assessment of the cause of dispnea is a dilemma which has a significant implication in both the estimation of prognosis and treatment of the patient. In emergency cases, when most necessary, it is often very difficult to determine whether dispnea was caused by a heart or lung disease. Role of natriuretic peptide in patients with dispnea. An acute patient with dispnea might suffer serious consequences of inadequately established diagnosis so congestive heart failure (CHF) has to be diagnosed quickly and precisely in the ER. Unfortunately, symptoms and signs of CHF are unspecific, it is sometimes impossible to obtain an adequate anamnesis and diagnosic procedures currently applied are either insufficiently precise or provide scarce information or can not always be performed under appropriate conditions. On the basis of previous findings, it has been proved that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) can considerably contribute to the establishment of correct diagnosis as well as to the possibility of introducing an adequate therapy for those patients. However, the real value of those peptides should be estimated in relation to other clinical manifestations and indicators and the specifics of examined patients including the age, gender and the presence or absence of pulmonary or renal diseases. Natriuretic peptide in accessement gradient of heart failure. Determination of natriuretic peptide has represented most probably the greatest progress in diagnosing the heart failure since the introduction of echocardiography into practice. Its high sensitivity and negative predicted value makes it a valid test for excluding congestive heart failure with a very high degree of certainty.

scholarly journals II.—Fossil Plants from Egypt

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Seward
Keyword(s):  
Director General ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Available Information

The following notes on three fossil plants handed to me by Dr. Hume have been written at the request of Capt. Lyons, Director-General of the Survey Department of Egypt. The material is unfortunately too fragmentary to admit of satisfactory determination; but in view of our ignorance in regard to the former vegetation of Egypt, it is desirable to put on record all available information. Of the three fossils only one is sufficiently well preserved to be referred with any degree of certainty to a genus.

A Statistical Predictive Model to Prioritize Site Selection for Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Merle ◽  
P. F. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Degree

Pipeline stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is an ongoing integrity concern for pipeline operators. A number of different strategies are currently employed to locate and mitigate SCC. Ultrasonic in-line inspection tools have proven capable of locating SCC, but reliability of these tools in gas pipelines remains in question. Rotating hydrotest programs are effectively employed by some companies but may not provide useful information as to the location of SCC along the pipeline. NACE Standard RP0204-2004 (SCC Direct Assessment Methodology) outlines factors to consider and methodologies to employ to predict where SCC is likely to occur, but even this document acknowledges that there are no well-established methods for predicting the presence of SCC with a high degree of certainty. Predictive modelling attempts to date have focused on establishing quantitative relationships between environmental factors and SCC formation and growth; these models have achieved varying degrees of success. A statistical approach to SCC predictive modelling has been developed. In contrast to previous models that attempted to determine direct correlations between environmental parameters and SCC, the new model statistically analyzed data from dig sites where SCC was and was not found. Regression techniques were used to create a multi-variable logistic regression model. The model was applied to the entire pipeline and verification digs were performed. The dig results indicated that the model was able to predict locations of SCC along the pipeline.

MANAGEMENT OF INTRATHORACIC NERVE TUMORS IN YOUNG CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
JOHN C. JONES ◽  
DONALD B. EFFLER
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Posterior Mediastinum ◽  
Neurogenic Tumor ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Neurogenic Tumors ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Malignant Changes

A brief review of the literature referring to intrathoracic nerve tumors in children is presented. The neurogenic tumors have an expected incidence of malignancy of about 40%. Four case histories are reported in which neurogenic tumors of the posterior mediastinum were removed with apparent cure. Only one of these children had objective or subjective signs which could be attributed to their neoplasms. All of the neoplasms were benign. Prompt thoracotomy is advocated in the child with a suspected neurogenic tumor of the mediastinum. Periods of observation, procrastination and roentgen therapy are to be condemned for it is impossible to predict with any degree of certainty which tumor will or already has undergone malignant changes. A brief discussion of the operative management and complications is presented.

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