scholarly journals On Multicellular Lipid Compartments and Their Electrical Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro Nomura ◽  
Gen Hayase ◽  
Taro Toyota ◽  
Richard Mayne ◽  
Andrew Adamatzky
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Molecular System ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Robotics ◽  
Pore Forming Proteins ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference ◽  
Wide Community

<p>In this manuscript, we report our ground-breaking result on development of artificial multicellular structures capable for neuron like spiking activity. These structures are self-growing ensembles of vesicles whose membranes are combinations of phospholipid and viscous amphipathic molecules. The vesicles grow from a porous gel, and an osmotic pressure difference between the interior of the gel and its surrounding drives the growth. The vesicles’ membranes have also incorporated pore forming proteins. The growing ensembles exhibit spike-like dynamics in electrical potential recorded on the electrodes inserted in the ensembles. We speculate that the spike-like electrical activity is due to the breaking and leaking of the compartments, fusion, and fission of the vesicles during the growth. We demonstrate the spontaneous growth of multi-cellular lipid compartments, which can also incorporate liposomes with membrane proteins, and their generation of an electrical spike-like signal. The bottom-up development of a multicellular artificial molecular system like this report would lead the transition of material's complexity toward information transfer emulating that of a nervous system.</p><p> </p><p>The evidence of neuromorphic electrical activity in multicellular systems of lipid vesicles is a promising indication of feasibility of future designs of self-growing artificial proto-brains. We, therefore, think that this manuscript should attract outstanding interest from the wide community of scientists, engineers and laymen, especially those interested in in artificial life, molecular computing, origins of life, artificial cell, molecular robotics, and synthetic biology.</p>

scholarly journals On Multicellular Lipid Compartments and Their Electrical Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro Nomura ◽  
Gen Hayase ◽  
Taro Toyota ◽  
Richard Mayne ◽  
Andrew Adamatzky
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Molecular System ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Robotics ◽  
Pore Forming Proteins ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference ◽  
Wide Community

<p>In this manuscript, we report our ground-breaking result on development of artificial multicellular structures capable for neuron like spiking activity. These structures are self-growing ensembles of vesicles whose membranes are combinations of phospholipid and viscous amphipathic molecules. The vesicles grow from a porous gel, and an osmotic pressure difference between the interior of the gel and its surrounding drives the growth. The vesicles’ membranes have also incorporated pore forming proteins. The growing ensembles exhibit spike-like dynamics in electrical potential recorded on the electrodes inserted in the ensembles. We speculate that the spike-like electrical activity is due to the breaking and leaking of the compartments, fusion, and fission of the vesicles during the growth. We demonstrate the spontaneous growth of multi-cellular lipid compartments, which can also incorporate liposomes with membrane proteins, and their generation of an electrical spike-like signal. The bottom-up development of a multicellular artificial molecular system like this report would lead the transition of material's complexity toward information transfer emulating that of a nervous system.</p><p> </p><p>The evidence of neuromorphic electrical activity in multicellular systems of lipid vesicles is a promising indication of feasibility of future designs of self-growing artificial proto-brains. We, therefore, think that this manuscript should attract outstanding interest from the wide community of scientists, engineers and laymen, especially those interested in in artificial life, molecular computing, origins of life, artificial cell, molecular robotics, and synthetic biology.</p>

scholarly journals Towards fungal computer

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 20180029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Adamatzky
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Mycelium Network ◽  
Logical Functions ◽  
Stimulation Of

We propose that fungi Basidiomycetes can be used as computing devices: information is represented by spikes of electrical activity, a computation is implemented in a mycelium network and an interface is realized via fruit bodies. In a series of scoping experiments, we demonstrate that electrical activity recorded on fruits might act as a reliable indicator of the fungi’s response to thermal and chemical stimulation. A stimulation of a fruit is reflected in changes of electrical activity of other fruits of a cluster, i.e. there is distant information transfer between fungal fruit bodies. In an automaton model of a fungal computer, we show how to implement computation with fungi and demonstrate that a structure of logical functions computed is determined by mycelium geometry.

The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy

1937 ◽  
Vol 83 (343) ◽  
pp. 137-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Golla ◽  
S. Graham ◽  
W. Grey Walter
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Slow Potential ◽  
Intracranial Neoplasms ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia ◽  
Oxide Anaesthesia

In 1929 Berger (1) discovered that changes of electrical potential in the human brain could be detected through the unopened skull. Since that time the study of electro-encephalography has occupied the attention of many workers, and the literature is already too extensive for adequate review in this place. A brief description of the technique for obtaining an electro-encephalogram, or “EEG”, and a summary of its normal and pathological characters may be found in a communication by one of us (2) on the relation between the EEG and the presence of intracranial neoplasms. The cortex in the region of a tumour was found to produce abnormally slow potential waves, which were provisionally called “delta” (δ) waves to distinguish them from the normal “alpha” (α) waves which are the original “Berger rhythm”. In the same paper a case was reported in which a focus of δ waves was found in the left parieto-occipital region associated with an area of degenerating cortex. The history in this case was of occasional minor attacks and one major fit and an indefinite severe illness in infancy, the only sign being a right homonymous hemianopia in accordance with the left-sided focus. Ether and nitrous oxide anæsthesia are also accompanied by the production of slow waves, but in this condition there is no fixed focus, the whole cortex being engaged in abnormal electrical activity. Since the publication of the above-mentioned results, a case of cerebral abscess has been examined, and the EEG was found to indicate a δ focus similar in character to those which have been found in cases of new growth.

scholarly journals Imitative and Direct Learning as Interacting Factors in Life History Evolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Bullinaria
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Previous Approach ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Imitative Learning ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Substantial Degree

The idea that lifetime learning can have a significant effect on life history evolution has recently been explored using a series of artificial life simulations. These involved populations of competing individuals evolving by natural selection to learn to perform well on simplified abstract tasks, with the learning consisting of identifying regularities in their environment. In reality, there is more to learning than that type of direct individual experience, because it often includes a substantial degree of social learning that involves various forms of imitation of what other individuals have learned before them. This article rectifies that omission by incorporating memes and imitative learning into revised versions of the previous approach. To do this reliably requires formulating and testing a general framework for meme-based simulations that will enable more complete investigations of learning as a factor in any life history evolution scenarios. It does that by simulating imitative information transfer in terms of memes being passed between individuals, and developing a process for merging that information with the (possibly inconsistent) information acquired by direct experience, leading to a consistent overall body of learning. The proposed framework is tested on a range of learning variations and a representative set of life history factors to confirm the robustness of the approach. The simulations presented illustrate the types of interactions and tradeoffs that can emerge, and indicate the kinds of species-specific models that could be developed with this approach in the future.

Depolarization-induced contractile activity of smooth muscle in calcium-free solution

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. C36-C40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Mangel ◽  
D. O. Nelson ◽  
J. L. Rabovsky ◽  
C. L. Prosser ◽  
J. A. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Triggered Release ◽  
Small Intestinal

In calcium-free solution, strips of cat intestinal muscle developed slow, rhythmic electrical potential changes that triggered contractions. Some strips failed to develop spontaneous electrical activity in calcium-free solution but responded with contractions to depolarization by direct electrical stimulation or by treatment with barium chloride, potassium chloride, or acetylcholine. Similar results were obtained with segments of cat stomach, colon, esophagus, bladder, uterus, and vena cava, as well as with rabbit vena cava. In calcium-free saline, rat small intestinal muscle showed fast electrical activity with accompanying development of a tetanuslike contraction. After 60 min in calcium-free solution, cat small intestinal muscle retained 17.7% of its original concentration of calcium. It is concluded that in some smooth muscles, depolarization-triggered release of intracellular calcium does not require an associated influx of calcium.

scholarly journals Electrical Potentials of Protoscoleces of the Cestode  Echinococcus granulosus from Bovine Origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica PA Carabajal ◽  
Marcos A Durán ◽  
Santiago Olivera ◽  
María José Fernández Salom ◽  
Horacio F Cantiello
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Peak Potential ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Insight Into

Larval stages of the tenia Echinococcus granulosus are the infective forms of cystic echinococcosis or hydatidosis, a worldwide zoonosis. The protoscolex that develops into the adult form in the definitive host is enveloped by a complex cellular syncytial tegument, where all metabolic interchange takes place. Little information is available as to the electrical activity of the parasite in this developmental stage. To gain insight into the electrical activity of the parasite at the larval stage, here we conducted microelectrode impalements of bovine lung protoscoleces (PSCs) of Echinococcus granulosus in normal saline solution. We observed two distinct intra-parasitic potentials, a transient peak potential and a stable second potential, most likely representing tegumental and intra-parasitic extracellular space electrical potential differences, respectively. These values changed upon the developmental status of the parasite, its anatomical regions, or time course after harvesting. Changes in electrical potential differences of the parasite provide an accessible and useful parameter for the study of transport mechanisms and potential targets for the development of novel antiparasitic therapeutics .

scholarly journals Fungi Anaesthesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Adamatzky ◽  
Antoni Gandia
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Complete Cessation ◽  
Spiking Activity

Abstract Electrical activity of fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is characterised by slow (hours) irregular waves of baseline potential drift and fast (minutes) action potential likes spikes of the electrical potential. An exposure of the mycelium colonised substrate to a chloroform vapour lead to several fold decrease of the baseline potential waves and increase of their duration. The chloroform vapour also causes either complete cessation of spiking activity or substantial reduction of the spiking frequency. Removal of the chloroform vapour from the growth containers leads to a gradual restoration of the mycelium electrical activity.

Multi-Armed Droplets as Shape-Changing Protocells

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Čejková ◽  
Martin M. Hanczyc ◽  
František Štěpánek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Life ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Sodium Decanoate ◽  
Shape Changes

Protocells are objects that mimic one or several functions of biological cells and may be embodied as solid particles, lipid vesicles, or droplets. Our work is based on using decanol droplets in an aqueous solution of sodium decanoate in the presence of salt. A decanol droplet under such conditions bears many qualitative similarities with living cells, such as the ability to move chemotactically, divide and fuse, or change its shape. This article focuses on the description of a shape-changing process induced by the evaporation of water from the decanoate solution. Under these conditions, the droplets perform complex shape changes, whereby the originally round decanol droplets grow into branching patterns and mimic the growth of appendages in bacteria or axon growth of neuronal cells. We report two outcomes: (i) the morphological changes are reversible, and (ii) multiple protocells avoid contact between each other during the morphological transformation. The importance of these morphological changes in the context of artificial life are discussed.

scholarly journals Correlation between tongue pressure and electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Santiago dos Reis ◽  
Taynara Gomes de Araújo ◽  
Renata Maria Moreira Moraes Furlan ◽  
Andréa Rodrigues Motta
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Oral Performance ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Suprahyoid Muscles ◽  
Electrical Potentials

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the correlation between the tongue pressure and the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles. Methods: a across-sectional, observational and analytical study conducted with 15 men and 22 women. Each participant underwent simultaneous assessment of maximal tongue pressure through the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) and the surface electromyography of the suprahyoid muscles. They were asked to press the tongue against the hard palate in the anterior and posterior region, with and without IOPI. The adopted significance level of the performed analyses was 5%. Results: there was a moderate and significant correlation only between suprahyoid electrical activity and tongue pressure in the posterior region. It was verified that the measured electrical potentials, when using the IOPI, were greater in the tasks of anterior pressure than in the tasks of the posterior one, bilaterally. Without using the IOPI, the electrical potentials were greater in the posterior pressure than in the anterior one, bilaterally. Finally, the values of lingual pressure were compared with the bulb positioned in the anterior and posterior parts, and the anterior tongue pressure was higher. Conclusion: there was a moderate correlation between tongue pressure and electrical potential of the suprahyoid muscles, researched by the surface electromyography, only when performing activities with the posterior portion of the tongue.

scholarly journals Fungi anaesthesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Adamatzky ◽  
Antoni Gandia
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Complete Cessation ◽  
Spiking Activity

Electrical activity of fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is characterised by slow (hours) irregular waves of baseline potential drift and fast (minutes) action potential likes spikes of the electrical potential. An exposure of the mycelium colonised substrate to a chloroform vapour lead to several fold decrease of the baseline potential waves and increase of their duration. The chloroform vapour also causes either complete cessation of spiking activity or substantial reduction of the spiking frequency. Removal of the chloroform vapour from the growth containers leads to a gradual restoration of the mycelium electrical activity.

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