scholarly journals Characterization of the Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters and Sorption Properties of Sorbents Used for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Noro ◽  
Yoshinori Yabuki ◽  
Arisa Banno ◽  
Junko Ono ◽  
Satoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Sorption Properties ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Oasis Hlb ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Permeation Properties

<p>Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are promising devices for measuring time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophilic compounds in aquatic environments. However, the mechanism of POCIS uptake remains unclear. This study characterizes the permeation properties of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene and the sorption properties of Oasis HLB (Waters), Envi-Carb (Supelco), and Oasis WAX (Waters) under identical conditions via calibration experiments of the POCIS. Plant protection products, neonicotinoid herbicides, and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) were tested. The permeation experimental results suggested that the penetration rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>m</sub>) with high <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values (<i>K</i><sub>ow</sub>: octanol–water partition coefficient) were low, which indicated that the sorption of chemicals on the membrane may constitute a limiting factor for the permeation. The sorption experiments indicated that the sorption rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>s</sub>) depended on the type of sorbent instead of the <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values. Low <i>k</i><sub>s</sub>/<i>k</i><sub>m</sub> ratios were obtained for chemicals with low <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values, which implied that the POCIS uptake for highly hydrophilic compounds was controlled by both membrane and sorbent kinetics. The <i>k</i><sub>m</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values corresponded to the model and predicted the values of the sampling rates<i> </i>(<i>R</i><sub>s</sub>) for the LAS. These findings revealed the possibility of using <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>m</sub> values to predict <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> values.</p>

scholarly journals Characterization of the Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters and Sorption Properties of Sorbents Used for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Noro ◽  
Yoshinori Yabuki ◽  
Arisa Banno ◽  
Junko Ono ◽  
Satoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Sorption Properties ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Oasis Hlb ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Permeation Properties

<p>Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are promising devices for measuring time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophilic compounds in aquatic environments. However, the mechanism of POCIS uptake remains unclear. This study characterizes the permeation properties of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene and the sorption properties of Oasis HLB (Waters), Envi-Carb (Supelco), and Oasis WAX (Waters) under identical conditions via calibration experiments of the POCIS. Plant protection products, neonicotinoid herbicides, and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) were tested. The permeation experimental results suggested that the penetration rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>m</sub>) with high <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values (<i>K</i><sub>ow</sub>: octanol–water partition coefficient) were low, which indicated that the sorption of chemicals on the membrane may constitute a limiting factor for the permeation. The sorption experiments indicated that the sorption rate constants (<i>k</i><sub>s</sub>) depended on the type of sorbent instead of the <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values. Low <i>k</i><sub>s</sub>/<i>k</i><sub>m</sub> ratios were obtained for chemicals with low <i>K</i><sub>ow</sub> values, which implied that the POCIS uptake for highly hydrophilic compounds was controlled by both membrane and sorbent kinetics. The <i>k</i><sub>m</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> values corresponded to the model and predicted the values of the sampling rates<i> </i>(<i>R</i><sub>s</sub>) for the LAS. These findings revealed the possibility of using <i>k</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>m</sub> values to predict <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> values.</p>

scholarly journals The substantiation of the technical solution for improving the application of chemical plant protection products using pneumohydraulic sprayers

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Panasyuk, V.
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Methods Analytical

Purpose. Improving the effectiveness of plant protection products when growing crops due to the pneumohydraulic device that ensures their uniform application to the sheet surface. Methods. Analytical and Experimental. Results. Laboratory studies of the process of spraying plants with nozzles with a pneumohydraulic system determined the quality indicators of the process with pressure in injection communication 0.4 MPa – droplet coating density of 19–46 pcs/cm2 for the weighted average droplet diameters in the different experimental variants was within 304–543 microns. These indicators were compared with those for the standard, anti-drift and injection nozzles in which the droplet coating density was 23–59 pcs/cm2 and the weighted average droplet diameters were in the range of 350–485 microns. The obtained analytical dependence of the influence of lateral air flow and air pressure in the pneumohydraulic system on the amount of deposited sprayed liquid. The annual economic effect from the introduction of this technical device with pneumohydraulic spraying system is 10434 UAH. Conclusions 1. The tendencies development technical means of chemical protection plants are determined: the use of sprayers with monodispersed cutting by drops adapted to weather conditions, which allow the operator to work in a wider range of speeds like wind (up to 9 m/s) and the speed of the unit (up to 30 km/h). To improve the quality of spraying, devices with air supply to the nozzles are used to control the dispersion of the spray depending on weather conditions. 2. It was established that with increasing pressure of air from 0.12 MPa there is a decrease in the diameter of the droplets. And at a pressure more than 0.25 MPa, the cutting is equivalent to a standard small-gap slot sprayer. During researches, it was discovered that the air pressure could be influenced by the dispersion of droplet cutting. Keywords: pneumatic hydraulic spray, model sketches, laboratory tests, performance indicators, analytical fluidity, fluid pressure, air pressure.

scholarly journals Effect of the Application Date of Fertilizer Containing Silicon and Potassium on the Yield and Technological Quality of Sugar Beet Roots

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Artyszak ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Alicja Siuda
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Technological Quality

Water shortage and drought are a growing problem in Europe. Therefore, effective methods for limiting its effects are necessary. At the same time, the “field to fork” strategy adopted by the European Commission aims to achieve a significant reduction in the use of plant protection products and fertilizers in the European Union. In an experiment conducted in 2018–2020, the effect of the method of foliar fertilization containing silicon and potassium on the yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots was assessed. The fertilizer was used in seven combinations, differing in the number and time of application. The best results were obtained by treating plants during drought stress. The better soil moisture for the plants, the smaller the pure sugar yield increase was observed. It is difficult to clearly state which combination of silicon and potassium foliar application is optimal, as their effects do not differ greatly.

scholarly journals The Role of Source‐sink Dynamics in the Assessment of Risk to Non‐target Arthropods from the Use of Plant Protection Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Lewis ◽  
Axel Dinter ◽  
Charlotte Elston ◽  
Michael Thomas Marx ◽  
Christoph Julian Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Source Sink

Measurements of the dermal exposure to bystanders from direct off‐crop drift during the application of plant protection products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Kuster ◽  
Nicola J. Hewitt ◽  
Clare Butler Ellis ◽  
Christian Timmermann ◽  
Thomas Anft
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Dermal Exposure

scholarly journals Field assessment of a pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system applying different spray volumes: duty cycle and forward speed effects on vines spray coverage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Grella ◽  
Fabrizio Gioelli ◽  
Paolo Marucco ◽  
Ingrid Zwertvaegher ◽  
Eric Mozzanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Spray System

AbstractThe pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system is the most advanced technology to obtain variable rate spray application without varying the operative sprayer parameters (e.g. spray pressure, nozzle size). According to the precision agriculture principles, PWM is the prime technology that allows to spray the required amount where needed without varying the droplet size spectra which benefits both the uniformity of spray quality and the spray drift reduction. However, some concerns related to the effect of on–off solenoid valves and the alternating on/off action of adjacent nozzles on final uneven spray coverage (SC) have arisen. Further evaluations of PWM systems used for spraying 3D crops under field conditions are welcomed. A tower-shaped airblast sprayer equipped with a PWM was tested in a vineyard. Twelve configurations, combining duty cycles (DC: 30, 50, 70, 100%) and forward speeds (FS: 4, 6, 8 km h−1), were tested. Two methodologies, namely field-standardized and real field conditions, were adopted to evaluate the effect of DC and FS on (1) SC variability (CV%) along both the sprayer travel direction and the vertical spray profile using long water sensitive papers (WSP), and (2) SC uniformity (IU, index value) within the canopy at different depths and heights, respectively. Furthermore, the SC (%) and deposit density (Nst, no stains cm−2), determined using short WSP, were used to evaluate the spray application performances taking into account the spray volumes applied. Under field-controlled conditions, the pulsing of the PWM system affects both the SC variability measured along the sprayer travel direction and along the vertical spray profile. In contrast, under real field conditions, the PWM system does not affect the uniformity of SC measured within the canopy. The relationship between SC and Nst allowed identification of the ranges of 200–250 and 300–370 l ha−1 as the most suitable spray volumes to be applied for insecticide and fungicide plant protection products, respectively.

scholarly journals Protection possibilities of agricultural minor crops in the European Union: a case study of soybean, lupin and camelina

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Matyjaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Chemical Products

Abstract In the central part of the European Union soybean, lupin and camelina are minor agricultural crops. The paper presents analysis of plant protection products availability for those crops in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Data from year 2019 show that availability of products is generally insufficient. For camelina in some countries, there are no chemical products available whatsoever. For lupin and soybean, there are not always products available to control some pest groups. However, the products on the market differ significantly among the member states. The results show that in protection of soybean, lupin and camelina, no single active substance is registered for the same crop in all the analysed member states. In very numerous cases, active substance is registered in one out of eight analysed member states only.

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