scholarly journals Forms and ultrastructural features of the lateral alae of the helminth Trichostrongylus tenuis Mehlis, 1846 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Trichostrongylus Tenuis

Ultrastructural features of the nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis were studied. Helminthological studies were carried out in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in 2015–2018. The material from domestic waterfowl was collected by the method of complete parasitological dissection. Along with the fact that this helminth is a specific parasite of domestic waterfowl, it dominates among all the types of helminths noted by us and is the cause of serious changes in the host organism. The study of the ultrastructure of the nematode T. tenuis is important for identifying parasitic-host relationships, clarifying the systematic position of parasites and in preparing measures to combat these parasites. In addition, a wide variety of morphological features of the lateral alae, allows them to be used as one of the main features for identifying helminth species. The article first presents data on the ultrastructural features of the lateral alae of the nematode T. tenuis. As a result of the studies, it was found that, despite the fact that in some parasitic nematodes of the Trichostrongylidae family the morphological structure of the lateral alae of the cuticle is identical over the entire surface of the body, in the nematode T. tenuis belonging to the same family, four forms were revealed during ultrastructural studies, which were represented using diagrams and electron diffraction patterns. Lateral alae consist of cortical, homogeneous, and fibrillary layers differing in size, thickness, and other features. From the front (oral) part of body of the nematode T. tenuis to the beginning of the intestine, the cuticle is smooth; on the body part from the small intestine and behind it, lateral alae begin to be observed, which resemble a “ridge” in shape. When approaching the posterior end of the body, the lateral alae take the form of “hooks”. On the caudal region, the lateral alae become even more complicated and get the form of “spikes”, and relatively small outgrowths are additionally observed on these lateral wings. These signs can be used to clarify the taxonomic position of helminth species.

Macroanatomical Structure of the Lumbosacral Plexus and its Branches in the Indigenous Duck

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Hussan ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
J Alam
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Plexus ◽  
Lumbosacral Plexus ◽  
Sacral Plexus ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

The present study was carried out to determine the morphological structure and the branches of the lumbosacral plexus in the indigenous duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Six mature indigenous ducks were used in this study. After administering an anesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The nerves of the lumbosacral plexus were dissected separately and photographed. The lumbosacral plexus consisted of lumbar and sacral plexus innervated to the hind limb. The lumbar plexus was formed by the union of three roots of spinal nerves that included last two and first sacral spinal nerve. Among three roots, second (middle) root was the highest in diameter and the last root was least in diameter. We noticed five branches of the lumbar plexus which included obturator, cutaneous femoral, saphenus, cranial coxal, and the femoral nerve. The six roots of spinal nerves, which contributed to form three trunks, formed the sacral plexus of duck. The three trunks united medial to the acetabular foramen and formed a compact, cylindrical bundle, the ischiatic nerve. The principal branches of the sacral plexus were the tibial and fibular nerves that together made up the ischiatic nerve. Other branches were the caudal coxal nerve, the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve and the muscular branches. This study was the first work on the lumbosacral plexus of duck and its results may serve as a basis for further investigation on this subject.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Helminths of Moor Frog Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842 (Amphibia: Anura) in the Volga Basin

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Igor V. Chikhlyaev ◽  
Alexander B. Ruchin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Position ◽  
Helminth Fauna ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Volga Basin ◽  
Rana Arvalis ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Spirometra Erinacei ◽  
First Time ◽  
Moor Frog

This is the first review of the helminth fauna of the moor frog Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842 from the Volga river basin (Russia). The article summarizes the authors’ and literature data on the helminthic fauna of this species. The method of complete helminthological dissection was used. Thirthy-eight helminth species were recorded from three classes: Cestoda (1), Trematoda (28), and Chromadorea (9). Nine helminth species are new to the moor frog in Russia: trematodes Gorgodera varsoviensis Sinitzin, 1905, Strigea falconis Szidat, 1928, larvae, Neodiplostomum spathoides Dubois, 1937, larvae, Tylodelphys excavata (Rudolphi, 1803), larvae, Pharyngostomum cordatum (Diesing, 1850), larvae, Astiotrema monticelli Stossich, 1904, larvae and Encyclometra colubrimurorum (Rudolphi, 1819), larvae, nematodes Strongyloides spiralis Grabda-Kazubska, 1978 and Icosiella neglecta (Diesing, 1851). The cestode Spirometra erinacei (Rudolphi, 1918), larvae were observed of this amphibian species in the Volga basin for the first time. The nematodes Rhabdias bufonis, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata and the trematode Haplometra cylindracea form the core of the helminth fauna of the moor frog. Information on species of helminths includes systematic position, localization, areas of detection, type and scheme of life cycle, geographical distribution, and degree of specificity to host amphibians.

scholarly journals Experiential ownership and body ownership are different phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Liang ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Tai-Yuan Chang ◽  
Chi-Hong Chen ◽  
Chen-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Body

AbstractBody ownership concerns what it is like to feel a body part or a full body as mine, and has become a prominent area of study. We propose that there is a closely related type of bodily self-consciousness largely neglected by researchers—experiential ownership. It refers to the sense that I am the one who is having a conscious experience. Are body ownership and experiential ownership actually the same phenomenon or are they genuinely different? In our experiments, the participant watched a rubber hand or someone else’s body from the first-person perspective and was touched either synchronously or asynchronously. The main findings: (1) The sense of body ownership was hindered in the asynchronous conditions of both the body-part and the full-body experiments. However, a strong sense of experiential ownership was observed in those conditions. (2) We found the opposite when the participants’ responses were measured after tactile stimulations had ceased for 5 s. In the synchronous conditions of another set of body-part and full-body experiments, only experiential ownership was blocked but not body ownership. These results demonstrate for the first time the double dissociation between body ownership and experiential ownership. Experiential ownership is indeed a distinct type of bodily self-consciousness.

scholarly journals Toward genetic modification of plant-parasitic nematodes: delivery of macromolecules to adults and expression of exogenous mRNA in second stage juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Kranse ◽  
Helen Beasley ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Andre Pires-daSilva ◽  
Christopher Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are a continuing threat to food security, causing an estimated 100 billion USD in crop losses each year. The most problematic are the obligate sedentary endoparasites (primarily root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes). Progress in understanding their biology is held back by a lack of tools for functional genetics: forward genetics is largely restricted to studies of natural variation in populations and reverse genetics is entirely reliant on RNA interference. There is an expectation that the development of functional genetic tools would accelerate the progress of research on plant-parasitic nematodes, and hence the development of novel control solutions. Here, we develop some of the foundational biology required to deliver a functional genetic tool kit in plant-parasitic nematodes. We characterize the gonads of male Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne hapla in the context of spermatogenesis. We test and optimize various methods for the delivery, expression, and/or detection of exogenous nucleic acids in plant-parasitic nematodes. We demonstrate that delivery of macromolecules to cyst and root knot nematode male germlines is difficult, but possible. Similarly, we demonstrate the delivery of oligonucleotides to root knot nematode gametes. Finally, we develop a transient expression system in plant-parasitic nematodes by demonstrating the delivery and expression of exogenous mRNA encoding various reporter genes throughout the body of H. schachtii juveniles using lipofectamine-based transfection. We anticipate these developments to be independently useful, will expedite the development of genetic modification tools for plant-parasitic nematodes, and ultimately catalyze research on a group of nematodes that threaten global food security.

Maximizing Recall of Gruesome Images for Health Effects Advertising: An Experimental Investigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brennen W. Mills ◽  
Owen B. J. Carter ◽  
Robert J. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Video Images ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this case study was to experimentally manipulate the impact on arousal and recall of two characteristics frequently occurring in gruesome depictions of body parts in smoking cessation advertisements: the presence or absence of an external physical insult to the body part depicted; whether or not the image contains a clear figure/ground demarcation. Three hundred participants (46% male, 54% female; mean age 27.3 years, SD = 11.4) participated in a two-stage online study wherein they viewed and responded to a series of gruesome 4-s video images. Seventy-two video clips were created to provide a sample of images across the two conditions: physical insult versus no insult and clear figure/ground demarcation versus merged or no clear figure/ground demarcation. In stage one, participants viewed a randomly ordered series of 36 video clips and rated how “confronting” they considered each to be. Seven days later (stage two), to test recall of each video image, participants viewed all 72 clips and were asked to identify those they had seen previously. Images containing a physical insult were consistently rated more confronting and were remembered more accurately than images with no physical insult. Images with a clear figure/ground demarcation were rated as no more confronting but were consistently recalled with greater accuracy than those with unclear figure/ground demarcation. Makers of gruesome health warning television advertisements should incorporate some form of physical insult and use a clear figure/ground demarcation to maximize image recall and subsequent potential advertising effectiveness.

Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Body Image Disturbances

Despite much recent interest in the objective measurement of body image in anorexia nervosa, many questions remain regarding basic mechanisms responsible for the findings as well as their meaning in the disorder. It is unclear if “whole body” measures assess the same underlying phenomena as the “body part” method, and it is unclear if body image disturbances are etiologic or a byproduct of anorexia nervosa. The possible association between self-esteem and body satisfaction and the relationship of the latter variable to actual size estimation supports the hypothesis that size perception may be closely tied to satisfaction with non-physical aspects of self. Finally it must be determined if over estimation is a function of a general psychological disturbance or of a deficit of specific interest in this disorder. Despite these questions, the way in which anorexic patients see themselves as well as the cognitive and affective responses to this perception remains an interesting and potentially fruitful area of study with this disorder.

scholarly journals Metaphorical somatonyms of northern Samogitians: artefactual motivational model

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jūratė Lubienė ◽  
Dalia Pakalniškienė
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Repetitive Movements ◽  
Motivational Model

The article presents the analysis of the onomasiological structure of the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians, focusing on the indicators of the source of metaphors. Based on the explicit semantics of the source (lexical motivators), the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians belong to several motivational models, the most productive of which is the artefactual motivational model. The basis of the artefactual metaphor is the associative similarity of the object (artefact) and the body part according to various parameters – shape, size, features of structure and materiality, actions, especially repetitive movements.

scholarly journals Perceived fatigue does not alter effort-based decision making, but does undermine confidence in the ability to perform physical actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Greenhouse-Tucknott ◽  
James Graeme Wrightson ◽  
Sam Berens ◽  
Jeanne Dekerle ◽  
Neil Andrew Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Evaluative Processes

Introduction: Protracted physical exertion leads to the development of fatigue. The development of fatigue has previously been associated with increased effort costs, influencing decisions to engage in further physical activity. However, whether fatigue-associated changes to effort-based decisions are reflective of a global aversion to effort in response to fatiguing physical exertion, affecting the decision to engage in physical action performed in other parts of the body, is unclear. Methods: To investigate this, we tested whether effort-based choice behaviour was altered by fatigue, pre-induced through physical exertion of a different body part. Twenty-two healthy male participants made a series of choices between two rewarded actions, which varied in both the level of effort required (relative duration of a submaximal contraction of the dominant knee extensors) and reward obtained (monetary incentives). Participants made their choice under two conditions: 1) a pre-induced state of fatigue and 2) a rested (control) state. Results: Across conditions, participants’ choice behaviour demonstrated the anticipated aversion to effort that interacted with the level of reward on offer. However, though prior physical exertion increased the perception of fatigue, prolonged choice selection-time and reduced self-reported confidence in ability to perform chosen effort-demanding actions, participants choice behaviour did not significantly differ between the two conditions. Conclusions:. The findings suggest that a subjective state of fatigue does not increase the general cost of exerting effort across the body but does increase uncertainty within decision-making processes which may alter evaluative processes that precede changes in cost/benefit computations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document