scholarly journals Development of offshore wind energy of Ukraine in the Sea of Azov: the geographical aspect

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The Sea Of Azov

Formulation of the problem. Ukraine's energy sector is import-dependent, and one of the country’s sustainable development goals until 2030 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources. The wind potential of the mainland of our country has been thoroughly studied, so the focus of our interest is water areas, which are promising for the development of offshore wind energy. Offshore wind farms in Ukraine could improve the environmental situation and considerably contribute to the decarbonization of domestic energy. That is why the study considers the opportunity of offshore wind farms installation in the Sea of Azov. Methods. The analysis of literary and cartographic sources has been carried out. Mathematical methods have been used to calculate energy indicators. Using geoinformation modeling, taking into account limiting factors, suitable for the installation of offshore wind farms areas have been identified in the Sea of Azov. The purpose of the article is to geographically analyze the wind energy potential of the Sea of Azov with further assessment of the suitability of areas for the offshore wind farms location. Results. Our research has shown that the installation of offshore wind farms is appropriate in the Sea of Azov, because many areas are characterized by average annual wind speed above 6 meters per second. The most promising areas are the northern and northeastern coasts, where wind speed at different altitudes ranges from 8 to 9.3 meters per second. At altitudes of 50, 100 and 200 m, under the action of limiting factors, the most promising for offshore wind turbines areas are reduced by 8–22%. As considered limiting factors (territorial waters, nature protection objects, settlements and airports) have identical influence regardless of height, it is more effective to install wind turbines with a tower height of more than 100 m in the waters of the Sea of Azov. Interdisciplinary research is needed for the final answer on the effectiveness of offshore wind turbines in the Sea of Azov. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The results of the analysis of the wind energy potential of the Sea of Azov have been given, the tendency of its growth from the west to the east has been revealed. Attention has been paid to the method of geoinformation modeling of the location of offshore wind farms taking into account limiting factors. Maps of wind speed, potential of electricity generated by a single wind turbine and suitability of areas of the Sea of Azov for the location of offshore wind farms at an altitude of 200 m above sea level have been presented. These data can be used by designers of wind energy facilities as a basis for determining the optimal power of wind turbines and the type of energy for a particular area of the Sea of Azov.

scholarly journals Prospects for the development of offshore wind power along the coast of the Sea of Azov

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The Sea Of Azov

Introduction. One of the most popular alternative sources is wind energy. Offshore power stations are those which use kinetic energy of the wind and are built in shallow seas. Ukraine has access to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and has set the course to intensify the use of its own energy sources. It is therefore advisable to consider the development of offshore wind energy in its coastal zones. The purpose of this article is to analyze the energy potential of the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov to determine the prospects for offshore wind energy development. The main material. The economically feasible wind power of Ukraine is 16 GW but a significant percentage of its territory is not suitable for the installation of wind power plants, so it is advisable to use the seas area. In the coastal regions of Ukraine the average wind speed exceeds 5 m/s, which makes them effective in terms of using wind energy. Using GIS modeling, based on the data from the Global Atlas for Renewable Energy «IRENA», the spatial distribution of the average annual wind speed over the Sea of Azov at an altitude of 50, 100, 200 m has been analyzed. Due to the wind speed from 6 to 9 m/s, the Sea of Azov has significant wind energy potential. Wind speed rising from west to east has been detected. The concentration zone of maximum wind speed is the northern and north-eastern coast of the Sea of Azov. Accordingly, most electricity can be produced in Taganrog Bay, and the smallest amount– at the western coast of the sea. The data on the the generated power that could be extracted by a turbine installed in these areas at different altitudes has been calculated. At an altitude of 200 m, the figures are maximum and range from 9.4 to 30.3 GWh/year. In general, the wind indexes as well as the area of the zones suitable for the installation of wind farms increase with a height. In this case, it is economically advantageous to install large wind turbines with a tower height at 100 m. Conclusions and further research. The offshore wind energy in the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov can be developed, but it needs support at the state level. The prospect of this study is to analyze the limiting factors for this water area and to clarify the design areas of the industry.

scholarly journals The Wind Energy Potential of Kurdistan, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Arefi ◽  
Jamal Moshtagh ◽  
Mohammad Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Calm Wind

In the current work by using statistical methods and available software, the wind energy assessment of prone regions for installation of wind turbines in, Qorveh, has been investigated. Information was obtained from weather stations of Baneh, Bijar, Zarina, Saqez, Sanandaj, Qorveh, and Marivan. The monthly average and maximum of wind speed were investigated between the years 2000–2010 and the related curves were drawn. The Golobad curve (direction and percentage of dominant wind and calm wind as monthly rate) between the years 1997–2000 was analyzed and drawn with plot software. The ten-minute speed (at 10, 30, and 60 m height) and direction (at 37.5 and 10 m height) wind data were collected from weather stations of Iranian new energy organization. The wind speed distribution during one year was evaluated by using Weibull probability density function (two-parametrical), and the Weibull curve histograms were drawn by MATLAB software. According to the average wind speed of stations and technical specifications of the types of turbines, the suitable wind turbine for the station was selected. Finally, the Divandareh and Qorveh sites with favorable potential were considered for installation of wind turbines and construction of wind farms.

scholarly journals Assessment of fresh water wind resources on Lake Erie

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Jiale (Jerry) Li ◽  
Xiong (Bill) Yu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Onshore Wind

Wind farms are better been built at locations with higher wind resource potentials. As the appropriate locations become fewer and fewer to build onshore wind farms, significant attention has been drawn to the wind energy industry to build offshore wind farms. The terrain effect has fewer effects offshore than onshore since the sea level is flat and no artificial buildings are built there. The coastal line of the Great Lakes is one of those areas that not only has great wind energy potential but is also near the high population coastal cities which is short of the land surface. This article makes the detailed statistical analysis of 1-year offshore wind data in Lake Erie from a Light Detection and Ranging system placed on a water intake crib 4 miles away from near the coast of Cleveland. For comparison purpose, a nearby onshore wind monitoring station’s data have also been analyzed to study the wind and power characteristics. Specifically, the statistical analysis of the data includes Weibull shape and scale factors, the monthly average of the wind speed, turbulence intensity, and wind power density. In addition, two site-matching commercial wind turbines with 50 (Vestas® 39) and 80 m (Vestas® V90) hub heights have been chosen to estimate the 1-year energy output. The result shows great preponderances of building offshore wind farms than building onshore wind farms. This study gives guidance to the cost-benefit analysis to build the offshore wind farms in Lake Erie.

scholarly journals Foundation Types for Land and Offshore Sustainable Wind Energy Turbine Towers

2020 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 01094
Author(s):  
C Lavanya ◽  
Nandyala Darga Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers

Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy and it is used to generate electricity. The wind farms can be constructed on land and offshore where higher wind speeds are prevailing. Most offshore wind farms employ fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water. In deep waters floating wind turbines have gained popularity and are recent development. This paper discusses the various types of foundations which are in practice for use in wind turbine towers installed on land and offshore. The applicability of foundations based on depth of seabed and distance of wind farm from the shore are discussed. Also, discussed the improvement methods of weak or soft soils for the foundations of wind turbine towers.

scholarly journals Minimizing the Energy Cost of Offshore Wind Farms by Simultaneously Optimizing Wind Turbines and Their Layout

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longfu Luo ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang ◽  
Dongran Song ◽  
Weiyi Tang ◽  
Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

The construction and gradual installation of turbines on wind farms has been hindered by the high cost of the energy production. An effective way to minimize energy costs is via the optimal design of wind turbines and their layout, but relevant and synthetic studies are lacking. This paper proposes a method to minimize the energy cost of offshore wind farms by simultaneously optimizing the rated wind speed, the rotor radius of wind turbines and their layout. Firstly, a new, mixed mathematical formulation of the energy cost is presented, considering the Weibull distribution for wind, the characterizing parameters of wind turbines and the distance between two turbines. Secondly, to obtain the minimum energy cost, a composite optimization algorithm was developed, which consists of an iterative method and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The former was used to search the minimal energy costs that relate to the design parameters of a single wind turbine, while the latter was adopted for optimizing the layout of the wind turbines iteratively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to three case studies with variable wind speed and constant wind direction. Results of the case studies show that the reduced energy cost after optimization has a range of 0–0.001 $/kWh, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Meanwhile, the layout of the wind turbines after optimization tends to locate the two wind turbines with the biggest spacing in the wind direction, which justifies the utilization of layout optimization. Furthermore, exploring the optimally designed parameters of wind turbines revealed that the wind farms with a high mean wind speed can have a wider range of turbine capacity than those with a low wind speed, which offers more freedom for the designers when constructing offshore wind farms at wind sites with rich wind resources.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Petri Net Model for O&M Planning of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1134
Author(s):  
Tobi Elusakin ◽  
Mahmood Shafiee ◽  
Tosin Adedipe ◽  
Fateme Dinmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

With increasing deployment of offshore wind farms further from shore and in deeper waters, the efficient and effective planning of operation and maintenance (O&M) activities has received considerable attention from wind energy developers and operators in recent years. The O&M planning of offshore wind farms is a complicated task, as it depends on many factors such as asset degradation rates, availability of resources required to perform maintenance tasks (e.g., transport vessels, service crew, spare parts, and special tools) as well as the uncertainties associated with weather and climate variability. A brief review of the literature shows that a lot of research has been conducted on optimizing the O&M schedules for fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines; however, the literature for O&M planning of floating wind farms is too limited. This paper presents a stochastic Petri network (SPN) model for O&M planning of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) and their support structure components, including floating platform, moorings and anchoring system. The proposed model incorporates all interrelationships between different factors influencing O&M planning of FOWTs, including deterioration and renewal process of components within the system. Relevant data such as failure rate, mean-time-to-failure (MTTF), degradation rate, etc. are collected from the literature as well as wind energy industry databases, and then the model is tested on an NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine system mounted on an OC3-Hywind spar buoy floating platform. The results indicate that our proposed model can significantly contribute to the reduction of O&M costs in the floating offshore wind sector.

Optimization of Large Offshore Wind Farm Layout Considering Reliability and Wake Effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Li ◽  
Cuong D. Dao ◽  
Behzad Kazemtabrizi ◽  
Christopher J. Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Wake Effect ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Farm Layout

Abstract Nowadays, the increasing demand of electricity and environmental hazards of the greenhouse gas lead to the requirement of renewable energies. The wind energy has been proved as one of the most successful sustainable energies. Recently, the development trend of the wind energy is to build large offshore wind farms (OWFs) with hundreds of wind turbines, which could generates more power in one wind farm. In the large OWF, the wake effect is a very important impact factor to the wind farms, especially for those with close spacing. Therefore, the wind farm layout, the location of the wind turbines (WTs) is very essential to the performance of the whole wind farm, especially for large OWFs. In this research, we focus on the optimization of the large OWF layout by considering performance of the OWF, such as the total output energy. Firstly, the model for wind farm performance evaluation is established by incorporating historical wind speed data and the wake effect which can affect the total wind farm output. Then, by using the metaheuristic algorithms, the genetic algorithm (GA), the OWF layout is optimized. This study can offer useful information to the wind farm manufactures in the large OWF design phase.

scholarly journals ADAPTATION OF THE OFFSHORE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT MODEL TO THE SEA OF AZOV FOR THE PURPOSES OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
N.V. Likhtanskaya ◽  
◽  
S.V. Berdnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Marine Spatial Planning ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
The Sea Of Azov

The development of alternative energy is increasingly associated with offshore wind energy, as stronger offshore winds and the proximity of high-voltage onshore power plants produce highly profitable clean energy, making the sector attractive for long-term investment. Therefore, for the purposes of marine spatial planning, a model was chosen that allows assessing the potential for energy production and its cost under various design scenarios for offshore wind farms in the coastal zone, as well as assessing avoided carbon emissions (since wind turbines do not generate greenhouse gases). The model was tested and adapted to the conditions of the Sea of Azov. The technique of selection and preparation of the localized data necessary for the operation of the model, visualization and interpretation of the modeling results using the capabilities of the R programming language and the ArcGIS software environment has been worked out. The calculation of the input data on the distribution of wind speed was carried out on the basis of the ERA-Interim reanalysis data (the Weibull distribution function parameters values used to describe the distribution of wind speeds over a long period of time were calculated at the nodes of the regular grid). The application of the model will allow estimating the density of wind energy in various parts of the Azov Sea coastal zone and to identify the potential sites for the placement of coastal wind energy facilities with the highest productivity and the lowest energy cost based on wind speed data using various economic and technical parameters of the facilities being placed.

scholarly journals Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment across the Territory of Oman: A Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2862
Author(s):  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Yassine Charabi ◽  
Seyed H. Aghay Kaboli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Potential

Despite the long shoreline of Oman, the wind energy industry is still confined to onshore due to the lack of knowledge about offshore wind potential. A spatial-temporal wind data analysis is performed in this research to find the locations in Oman’s territorial seas with the highest potential for offshore wind energy. Thus, wind data are statistically analyzed for assessing wind characteristics. Statistical analysis of wind data include the wind power density, and Weibull scale and shape factors. In addition, there is an estimation of the possible energy production and capacity factor by three commercial offshore wind turbines suitable for 80 up to a 110 m hub height. The findings show that offshore wind turbines can produce at least 1.34 times more energy than land-based and nearshore wind turbines. Additionally, offshore wind turbines generate more power in the Omani peak electricity demand during the summer. Thus, offshore wind turbines have great advantages over land-based wind turbines in Oman. Overall, this work provides guidance on the deployment and production of offshore wind energy in Oman. A thorough study using bankable wind data along with various logistical considerations would still be required to turn offshore wind potential into real wind farms in Oman.

Offshore Wind Energy and the Mid-Atlantic Cold Pool: A Review of Potential Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Travis Miles ◽  
Sarah Murphy ◽  
Josh Kohut ◽  
Sarah Borsetti ◽  
Daphne Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Seasonal Thermocline

Abstract The U.S. East Coast has 1.7 million acres of federal bottom under lease for the development of wind energy installations, with plans for more than 1,500 foundations to be placed. The scale of these wind farms has the potential to alter the unique and delicate oceanographic conditions along the expansive Atlantic continental shelf, a region characterized by a strong seasonal thermocline that overlies cold bottom water, known as the “Cold Pool.” Strong seasonal stratification traps cold (typically less than 10°C) water above the ocean bottom sustaining a boreal fauna that represents vast fisheries, including the most lucrative shellfish fisheries in the United States. This paper reviews the existing literature and research pertaining to the ways in which offshore wind farms may alter processes that establish, maintain, and degrade stratification associated with the Cold Pool through vertical mixing in this seasonally dynamic system. Changes in stratification could have important consequences in Cold Pool setup and degradation, processes fundamental to high fishery productivity of the region. The potential for these multiple wind energy arrays to alter oceanographic processes and the biological systems that rely on them is possible; however, a great deal of uncertainty remains about the nature and scale of these interactions. Research should be prioritized that identifies stratification thresholds of influence, below which turbines and wind farm arrays may alter oceanographic processes. These should be examined within context of spatial and seasonal dynamics of the Cold Pool and offshore wind lease areas to identify potential areas of further study.

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