scholarly journals CLUSTER APPROACH IN CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM CASE OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN SECTION OF SILK ROAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mukhambetov ◽  
M. Ottenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Cluster Approach ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Silk Road

Modern social and economic science pays little attention to the development of tourism based on new approaches to its management and organization. As a result, the most important sector of the economy develops in practice on the basis of not always effective traditional models. The research problem of the development of a new approach to the organization of tourism products with cross-border nature is developed in this article. The purpose was to develop a methodological toolkit for the development of cross-border tourism based on the cluster approach. To achieve this goal, the study design was based on the study of tourism features that affect the planning and clustering process. The highlighted stages of clustering in the form of identifying tourism objects, designing clusters, forming cluster structures form the basis of a new socio-economic model of the tourism industry. To design a regional cross-border tourism cluster, a method is substantiated and applied to correlate all indicators of cluster tourism development to the number of cultural and historical objects. The selected 19 indicators of development are combined into 6 groups, which make it possible to comprehensively assess the cluster organization of tourism in the region. The approbation of the indicators was carried out on the example of all five countries of the Central Asian section of the Silk Road. Model calculations of the developed set of analytical cluster indicators made it possible to combine the identified objects in each region into homogeneous clusters. In this case, Ward’smethod was used, and the square of the Euclidean distance was used as the objective function and criterion of similarity and difference. The proposed cluster maps make it possible to activate and increase the competitiveness of the tourism product as a whole and give impetus to socio-economic development in each country of the Central Asian region. Key words: tourism, tourism competitiveness, social and economic development of the region, the Silk Road, tourism cluster, cluster design.

scholarly journals DISCOVERING CENTRAL ASIA: THE PROSPECTS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE PATHS OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Валерия Хетагурова ◽  
Valeriya Khetagurova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Current State ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Socio Economic Development

The article considers the prospects of tourism development in five countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. The author analyzes cultural, social and economic aspects of the tourism industry in the region. The main directions of activity of international organi-zations in the framework of tourism promotion programs are given. Central Asia has a huge potential for the tourism development. The study of the current state of tourism in Central Asia is becoming increasingly important. Tourism resources have every chance to become part of the national wealth of the countries of this region. In the group of factors determining socio-economic development of the countries in the region are natural resources, the level of production and investment, social infrastructure, management quality, international competitiveness, etc. The need for the regional development management system is conditioned by regionalization processes inherent to the current economic situation, oriented to ensuring positive national economic dynamics and maximum using the region’s potential. The studying problem of regional development makes it possible to justify, as one of the directions of its solution, the use of cluster technologies oriented to those branches of the economy that can become a vector of regional development. According to experts, the tourism industry is one of the most profitable sectors of the economy of the region. This industry covers numerous sectors of the economy and various links between them. The main tourist routes in the present time, covering many objects of the Great Silk Road, do not offer a more detailed study of the local historical, architectural and archaeological heritage. The lack of infrastructure facilities is the reason for this. This fact forces us to search solutions, which will provide a comfortable environment for both tourists and researchers. At present, the Central Asian countries occupy a very modest place in the world market of tourist services. According to many experts, the demand for sanatorium, tourist and excursion services has decreased due to the transition period, and the existing network of tourist institutions, boarding houses, rest homes needs reconstruction. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, tourism in the Central Asian republics began to develop independently, without common approaches and concepts. In many respects this is determined by the fact that the new states have chosen their own models of socio-economic development, different from each other. The different level of political freedoms, economic development features determine the current state of the tourism industry in various countries of Central Asia. The perspective of tourism development in this region is quite difficult, but an interesting task, necessary for familiarizing humanity with the most interesting culture of peoples inhabiting Central Asia and developing the economies of countries.

Silk Road Christians and the Translation of Culture in Tang China

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Cultural Translation ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Christian Identity ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
Previous Scholarship

This article attempts to analyse the famous ‘Nestorian Monument’ from Xi'an, set up in 781 by Syriac Christians, as a document of cultural translation and integration. Previous scholarship on the monument has tended to privilege either the Syriac or the Chinese sections of the inscription. By combining the two, and by making use of recent advances in the study of Syriac Christians along the Silk Road, this article argues that the Syriac Christians who set up the monument were using their long history, extending from Persia to China, as a means of establishing their community publicly in new political circumstances of China in the 780s. The role of Syriac on this monument was twofold: it signalled to the local Syriac-speaking community their fundamental ties to the world of Persian and central Asian Christianity, while it also allowed, through ideological and linguistic interaction with Chinese, the maintenance of a Syriac Christian identity through the process of translation. The language of Syriac therefore provides the background of a community looking both backward and forward in a foreign, changing cultural environment.

scholarly journals Economic Development of Kyrgyzstan in Context of Deepening Integration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asel Dzhailova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Deep Integration ◽  
Global Project ◽  
The Silk Road

The article examines the forms and features of the development of integration processes and their impact on the macroeconomic development of Kyrgyzstan. An assessment of the socio-economic development of Kyrgyzstan within the EAEU is presented. Attention is focused on the positive trends in improving the structure of the national economy, developing its priority sectors and increasing the export and investment potential. Attention is drawn to the features of the conjugation of the economic development of Kyrgyzstan within the framework of the Chinese global project “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road”. The features of trade, economic and investment cooperation with China. results of the implementation of large infrastructure projects. An assessment of macroeconomic development was carried out and the possibilities for the development of the deep integration of Central Asian countries in the fullest use of the economic potential of Kyrgyzstan were identified. The forms, directions and mechanisms of deepening trade, economic and humanitarian cooperation of Kyrgyzstan with the countries of Central Asia are substantiated.

scholarly journals The Role of the Broad-Gauge Metallurgy Line PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa Sp. z o.o. and the Belt and Road Initiative: Transportation in the Development of the Lublin Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mirosław Antonowicz ◽  
Zbigniew Tracichleb
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

<p>The article presents the railway entity PKP LHS Sp. z o.o. and its role in the development of the New Silk Road. In consequence, the increase in traffic on the Silk Road with the participation of Polish companies translates into the economic development of the Lublin Province and the development of border crossings in that province. The importance of transport corridors and the participation of PKP LHS in the development of those corridors have been highlighted. Investment assumptions have been presented, the effects of which will be visible in a few years, strengthening the potential and economic capabilities of the province.</p>

scholarly journals “ECONOMIC BELT OF THE SILK ROAD”: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR MONGOLIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Mavidkhaan Baasandulam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
National Development ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
The Silk Road

Earth is continents, seas, the developing countries, the developed countries, the centers and the borders is the One Belt-One Road initiative. On the other hand, the Sea “Silk Road” is called the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” as a way of “New Belt and Road” for China's new long-term development strategy. "Silk Road" refers to the ancient land-based commercial trade route that originated in ancient China and connected to Asia, Africa and Europe.In order to benefit from the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” initiative, China has partnered with other Asian countries and created two important financial development institutions, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund.The main objective of the initiative is to create an Eurasian trade economic integration space and cross-border transport corridors, that is, to strengthen the links between government policies and national development strategies along the route, promote international cooperation, and promote the development of joint ventures. For this purpose, the following tasks have been set: 1. Development of regional economic integration method; 2. Create an integrated transportation design for Asian transportation, connect communication networks, and develop pipeline systems; 3. Switch back to investment and trade barriers and create a good investment environment; 4.Strengthen national currency; 5.Deepening cooperation in the humanitarian field; 6.Expanding China's exports and domestic power growth will be concentrated in the western provinces (steel, lead, photovoltaic equipment, wind turbines).The “One Belt and One Road” is a new starting point for China-global relations and human development. Utilize the geographical advantages of Mongolia, China and Russia to increase cross-border trade between Mongolia, Russia and China, creating opportunities for logistics and transportation. China is one of the Mongolia's largest sources of foreign direct investment and is seen as a huge market for Mongolia to provide services and products.Mongolia hopes to unite its “Steppe Road” initiative with China’s “One Belt and One Road” initiative. The goal of the “Steppe Road” initiative aims to expand the Mongolian economy through cross-border transportation, strengthen the road line connecting Russia and China, transform and extend the current railway line in Mongolia, and build oil and gas between Russia and China. The pipeline improves the infrastructure of Mongolia. Mongolia and other Asian countries are actively participating in the “One Belt and One Road” initiative implemented in China to reduce risks and threats and gain new opportunities and advantages in regional cooperation.

scholarly journals Russian-Chinese cooperation in Central Asia in the context of ‘Belt and Road Initiative:’ Historical retrospective and economic prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-864
Author(s):  
Stanislav E. Martynenko ◽  
Nickolay P. Parkhitko
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Silk Road

This article examines Russo-Chinese investment cooperation in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (originally the Silk Road Economic Belt). At the same time, it also studies bilateral agreements, as well as investment and mechanisms. Another focus is the impact of the BRI in Central Asian countries on Russian interests in the region. Research is based on an analysis of the history of joint Russian and Chinese initiatives for economic development to determine the feasibility of cooperation in the BRI. Meanwhile, the authors discuss the BRI’s impact on the economic and foreign policy of the two partners, as well as the risks and opportunities for Russia. The article is based on content and statistical analysis combined with a historical approach. It concludes that Russia and China are actively developing investment cooperation in the framework of the BRI, including the Silk Road Fund. The principal elements of the partnership involve the economy and processing and transporting energy resources. Its objective is to attain both regional economic stability as well as maximizing economic and political independence.

The Kushan Empire

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinru Liu
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Silk Road

The Kushan Empire was a political power that started as a nomadic tribe from the Central Asian steppe and became established as sedentary state across South Asia and Central Asia. Migrating from the border of agricultural China in late 2nd century bce to north Afghanistan, by the 1st century ce, the Yuezhi nomads transformed themselves into a ruling elite in a large area from Afghanistan to the Indus Valley and North Indian Plain, embracing many linguistic and ethnic groups. Adapting the Persian satrapy administrative system into Indian kshatrapa administration, the Kushan regime gave much autonomy to local institutions such as castes, guilds, and Buddhist monasteries and meanwhile won support from those local communities. Legacies from Achaemenid Persia and Hellenistic cities, the cultures of various nomadic groups from Central Asia, and Buddhist and Brahmanical traditions merged to create a cosmopolitan Kushan material culture and art. Mahāyāna Buddhist theology and institutions matured in the Kushan economic and cultural environment and were propagated to Central Asia and China from there. Having under their control several important commodities, such as silk, lapis lazuli, and horses, demanded by elites from the Roman Empire, the Han Empire, and the Parthian Empire, the Kushan court sat on a key location of the Eurasian trade networks, or the Silk Road. The Kushan Empire benefited from the Silk Road trade economically and meanwhile received knowledge of faraway countries and facilitated transferring the information to the visions of the Romans, Parthians, and Chinese.

The ‘Silk Road’: Historical Perspectives and Modern Constructions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Ravi K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The Silk Road

As it is frequently the case in the modern world, the term ‘Silk Road’ or ‘Silk Roads’ is of colonial provenance. The elaborate network of ancient routes originating in the fourth millennium bc and linking various parts of the Eurasian landmass through Central Asia was re-imagined and reinvented in the late nineteenth century as a ‘Silk Road’ connecting China with the Roman Empire, thereby undermining the role of the steppe with its various nomadic and oasis cultures which had always been at the heart of this Eurasian system of trade and other exchange. Ever since, historiography has focussed on the role of sedentary civilisations in this system of exchange, with a particular emphasis on China and the West, thus undermining the role of other sedentary civilisations such as India. Contrary to the dominant narrative, the antiquity of the Eurasian trade network goes back to several millennia before the rise of either the Han Empire or Rome. Whereas this network did connect the agrarian civilisations, this happened primarily through the agency of central Asian intermediaries whose culmination is represented by the rise of the vast Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century. The idea of the ‘Silk Road(s)’ is thus anachronistic in the sense that it is a backward projection of present into the historical past, especially in view of the fact that silk was only one among several important items of exchange, such as horses, cotton, precious stones, and furs.

Dunhuang Texts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélodie Doumy
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Manuscript Studies ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
Chinese Province ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
The Silk Road

At the turn of the 20th century, a small, walled-up cave was discovered by Daoist monk Wang Yuanlu王圆禄on the Buddhist site of the Thousand Buddha Caves, or Mogao Caves, located near Dunhuang (in the present-day Chinese province of Gansu). The room revealed a huge cache of manuscripts dating from the late 4th century up to the beginning of 11th century; the time around which it was probably sealed off. Although it also contained a smaller number of drawings, paintings, textiles, and other artifacts, the secret repository is popularly referred to as the “Library Cave” or “Cave 17” after the number that the explorer Marc Aurel Stein assigned to it. The oasis town of Dunhuang was once positioned at a strategic point on the Silk Road. The manuscripts found in Cave 17 reflect the multicultural nature of the region through the range of languages represented and the variety of subject matters covered. They were written in Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and other ancient Central Asian languages. Although they are primarily Buddhist texts, there are also secular manuscripts, such as letters and contracts, along with a minority of manuscripts showcasing other religions. For these reasons, as well as the relative scarcity of materials surviving from the period, the Dunhuang manuscripts have revolutionized the understanding of medieval China and Central Asia. A whole academic discipline, Dunhuangology, or Dunhuang studies, has developed around them. They open a window into the wider religious and secular worlds of the Silk Road, constituting a major resource for various research fields, including history, Buddhism, linguistics, science, literature, and manuscript studies.

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