Competitive Strategy Analysis from Entrepreneurship Stories

Organizations apply two basic competitive strategies in general. These are the cost leadership strategy and the differentiation strategy. The application of any of the mentioned strategies by focusing on a smaller field in the market is called a focus strategy. Companies gain value in the eyes of customer with the strategy they choose. The aim of this study is to analyze the competitive strategies applied by the enterprises and the results of these strategies. A semi-configured interview on the entrepreneurs of two firms which open to a wider market from local market in Denizli with their own brands, was conducted. The first enterprise, which has been maintaining its existence for 80 years and has many branches in the different provinces, is a firm producing sugar and sugar products (Firm A). The second, which has been maintaining its existence for 84 years and has branches in close neighbor cities and provinces, is a firm producing soft drinks (Firm B). The common feature of both firms is that they keep their local characteristics and take their competitive power from the local people. In the research, the competitive strategies of entrepreneurs have been defined and analyzed by benefiting from the entrepreneurship stories that have been brought up to the present day. It was concluded that firm A applied differentiation strategy in the product, production process, and market, while firm B differentiated in the production process without any differentiation in the product and used the focus strategy in the market.

Economic Development of Kyrgyzstan in Context of Deepening Integration

The article examines the forms and features of the development of integration processes and their impact on the macroeconomic development of Kyrgyzstan. An assessment of the socio-economic development of Kyrgyzstan within the EAEU is presented. Attention is focused on the positive trends in improving the structure of the national economy, developing its priority sectors and increasing the export and investment potential. Attention is drawn to the features of the conjugation of the economic development of Kyrgyzstan within the framework of the Chinese global project “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road”. The features of trade, economic and investment cooperation with China. results of the implementation of large infrastructure projects. An assessment of macroeconomic development was carried out and the possibilities for the development of the deep integration of Central Asian countries in the fullest use of the economic potential of Kyrgyzstan were identified. The forms, directions and mechanisms of deepening trade, economic and humanitarian cooperation of Kyrgyzstan with the countries of Central Asia are substantiated.

A Different Look at Cointegration Relationship between Quarterly Inflation Rates and Growth via Seasonal Integration Tests

Detecting the direction of inflation-growth relationship has been a controversial issue in terms of the theoretical framework, notedly since the rise of Mundell-Tobin effect which is based upon the assumption of substitutability between money and capital. In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the cointegrating relationship and its direction between inflation and economic growth covering the period 1998Q1:2014Q4 for Turkey as grounded on the testing sequence that is illustrated by Ilmakunnas (1990) in order to handle unit root testing in a seasonal context by testing the appropriate order of differencing and concerns with the case where SI(2,1) (seasonally integrated of order (2,1)) is the maximum order of seasonal integration. It has been also utilized from ADF unit root test and DHF, HEGY & OCSB seasonal unit root tests in seasonal integration analysis. In the study, five cointegration regressions have been considered in the level, seasonally averaged, quarterly differenced, first differenced and twice differenced forms and two series have been found to have the same degree of seasonal integration as SI(1,1). Applying various residual tests have revealed the presence of a cointegrating relationship between two variables. In addition, the inflation-growth relationship in Turkey has been concluded to perform in an opposite direction.

Psychological Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance in Kyrgyzstan

The quality of human capital plays decisive role in the social and economic development of the country. Education and its quality are essential issue to government. In the learning process the students’ comprehension is important in achieving the determined goal. However there are various factors that affect the students’ performance as socio-demographic, economic and psychologic factors. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of psychologic factors on academic achievements of students in higher education in the case of the Kyrgyz Turkish ‘Manas’ University. Psychological factors were analyzed using ordered probit model and data that was obtained in 2014 by conducting a questionnaire to 3133 students. According to the results psychological factors significantly affect academic performance of students.

Nutrition Problems in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Ways of Their Solution

The article is devoted to the assessment of food consumption in the region. The aim of the study is to develop the main directions of improving the food security of Kyrgyzstan in the future. It is revealed that the absolute number of the world population suffering from malnutrition, according to modern estimates, increased from about 804 million in 2016 to almost 821 million in 2017. This trend serves as a clear warning that, if not intensified efforts, the task of the SDGs to eliminate hunger by 2030 will not be achieved The research toolkit includes mathematical methods for processing statistical data, an assessment of the energy and nutritional value of food consumed by the population. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify the factors that limit food consumption and the assessment of the nutritional value of the products used. The research results can be applied to further scientific developments in the direction of providing the market with various types of products.

The Evaluation of the Energy Resources of Exclusive Economic Zones in Eastern Mediterranean

The Eastern Mediterranean has attracted new attention on the gas potential in the world. In fact, overseas research in the eastern Mediterranean waters began in the late 1960s with a number of wells opened by Belpetco. With the overseas production of the region in recent years, it has entered the world agenda. However, these discoveries have triggered additional conflicts between the states on the establishment of sovereign rights and the limitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In 2009, a large amount of energy was produced in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The resulting supply, economic line in the westward movement, between Cyprus and Turkey, Turkey would reach out to EU countries. Arish-Ashkelon, which supplies gas to Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, has been identified as a pipeline. The other line is the Arab Gas Pipeline. The cooperation with the implementation of the line was met and accepted. But the Syrian civil war has postponed this view for now. When Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, the Sea of Levantine made the European Union a sea border for all practical purposes. In the early 2000s, Cyprus and Turkey's EU membership expectancy, could boost optimism about the possibility of a breakthrough. Turkey should not be admitted to the EU has prevented the solution of the Cyprus problem. Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and made clear that the agreement with the International Exclusive Economic Zone reached 200 Mile limits. The energy source derived from the region, the future of both Turkey and the TRNC will be able to improve the economic well-being. Thus, will contribute to peace in the region.

Panel Estimation for the Relationship between Real Wage, Inflation and Labor Productivity for OECD Countries

There are studies examining the relationship between real wage, inflation and labor productivity in the economic literature. Increase in real wages causes to an increase in labor productivity. On the other hand, productivity increases also induce inflation to fall. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between real wage, inflation and labor productivity in the 22 OECD countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United States) in the period of 1995-2017 by panel data methods. According to results, the cointegration relationship between real wage, inflation and labor productivity was found. In addition, mutual causality was determined between the variables we discussed.

Establishment of a Company and Share Acquisitions in Turkey by Foreigner Investors

Relating to the establishment and acquisition of a company in Turkey by foreign investors, Foreign Direct Investments Law No.4875, FDI has entered into force on 17.06.2003. FDI formed a notification-based system rather than an approval-based system for foreigners to establish a new company and to take over company shares. Accordingly, company information regarding foreign investors will be notified to the General Directorate of Incentive Implementation and Foreign Capital via “Electronic Incentive Implementation and Foreign Capital Information System”. Foreign investment means establishment of a new company by a foreign investor or share acquisitions of an existing company, any percentage of shares acquired outside the stock exchange or 10 percentage or more of the shares/voting power of a company acquired through the stock exchange, by means of the following economic assets: assets acquired from abroad by the foreign investor which are capital in cash in the form of convertible currency bought and sold by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, stocks and bonds of foreign companies excluding government bonds, machinery and equipment, industrial and intellectual property rights; or assets acquired from Turkey by foreign investor which are reinvested earnings, revenues, financial claims, or any other investment-related rights of financial value, rights for the exploration and extraction of natural resources. According to Article 4 of the Regulation for Implementation of Foreign Direct Investment Law, the Ministry of Economy shall provide information on the companies within the scope of foreign direct investments from Trade Registry Offices and related public institutions and organizations.

ARDSI Supports in the Rural Tourism Area: Example of Kastamonu

Rural development; It is one of the most fundamental elements of countries' having a strong economy and developing. The most important activity area in rural development is rural tourism. Natural wealth, historical memories, local values, etc. recognition and promotion will bring social and cultural development together. In other words, “rural tourism” will be the most important door in the development of domestic and foreign tourism in Turkey and opening up to the world. In the process of European Union accession process, the ARDSI, which is established by aiming to make the modern enterprises sustainable by increasing the welfare and livelihood of the citizens living in the countryside with the competitiveness at the international level, making stronger investments in domestic and foreign marketing, and increasing the welfare and livelihood level of our citizens living in the country, is the relevant institution of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Since 2011, ARDSI has invested approximately 3.8 billion TL in our country's economy. Within the scope of these investments, approximately 60 000 people were employed, 14 441 of whom were directly employed. In Kastamonu, ARDSI has signed an investment agreement with 11 investors to date, exceeding 11.5 million TL. For that reason, Kastamonu has become a model city for our country in the tourism area of the rural development movement. In this study, general information about the rural tourism potential in Kastamonu and ARDSI was given first and rural tourism applications in Kastamonu province were examined.

The Effect of Technology Spillovers on Income Distribution: An Application on OECD Countries

Ensuring a fair income distribution to increase social welfare is one of the main objectives of economic policies. With the acceleration of innovations in information and communication technology in the 20th century, the developments in technology have been characterized as the main reason for growth, welfare and productivity growth. However, rapid technological developments have revealed that significant changes in the dynamics of income inequalities occur at the same time. The growth in income inequality has increased significantly in many countries recently. Accordingly, the notion that the spread of technology has led to growth in income inequality has attracted attention in recent years. In the light of this information, the aim of the study is to reveal the impact of the spread of new technologies on income inequality and the factors underlying the income inequality dynamics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology spillovers on income inequality of selected OECD countries including Turkey using panel data analysis. The data for all countries obtained from the World Bank’s Development Indicators and OECD. Stat. The empirical conclusion indicated the effect of the technology spillovers on income inequality. This empirical finding contributed to promote the existing literature, and also draws main attention of policymakers. Because, knowing the factors underlying income inequality, which is seen as an important economic and social problem, is important in determining effective policies to ensure a more equitable income distribution.