scholarly journals Inter-tree variability of autumn leaf phenology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) on a site in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Les/Wood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Nina Škrk ◽  
Angela Balzano ◽  
Zalika Črepinšek ◽  
Katarina Čufar
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
Leaf Colouring

Temporal variability of leaf senescence (autumn phenology) was observed in 2020 in 11 European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and also observed for spring phenology in the same year. General leaf colouring, BBCH94, occurred between 19 and 24 October 2020, with lower inter-individual variability than that of leaf unfolding, BBCH11. The trees had active leaves (time between leaf unfolding and leaf colouring) between 177 and 199 days. In only three trees total leaf fall, BBCH97, occurred before 19 November 2020. Leaf colouring of the tree included in the long-term monitoring program of the Slovenian Environment Agency ARSO occurred on 24 October 2020. This is 7 days later than the 65-year average of the same tree/location and is ascribed to weather conditions. Investigation of tree tissues showed that the width of the last formed tree-ring in the wood varied between 0.39 and 9.61 mm and in the phloem between 0.09 and 0.26 mm, and that the tissues reflect the health condition of the trees.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Vegetative Phenological Stages in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Growing in a Mixed Stand

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristýna Slovíková ◽  
Emilie Bednářová
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Negative Effect

The paper presents results of monitoring of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) vegetative phenophases within the period of years 2005–2010 as related to results of evaluation involving data collected since 1991. This phenological study was performed in a young mixed forest stand situated in the Drahanská vrchovina uplands in the altitude of 625 m.a.s.l. Beginnings and duration of individual phenophases differed in dependence on the course of weather conditions in individual years of study. The highest variability was observed in the stage of budbreak. The obtained results indicate that the onset of spring phenophases was dependent on temperatures existing already in early spring and to the end of winter period. The statistical analysis proved a high correlation existing between the onset of spring phenophases on the one hand and soil and air temperatures on the other. Temperature requirements as defined for the beginnings of individual phenophases were evaluated on the base of cumulative sums of temperatures higher than 0 °C. The obtained results indicate that, as compared with results of long-term monitoring, the period of the duration of spring phenophases had been gradually shortened. On the other side, however, the duration of autumn phenophases was extended and they ended in the late autumn. Repeated extensions of the growing season to the detriment of winter dormancy might show a negative effect on the health condition of forest stands.

scholarly journals Spring phenology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a submountain beech stand with different stocking in 1995–2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Schieber
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

Two spring phenophases (bud-burst and leaf unfolding) of a parent stand and naturally regenerated undergrowth of European beech were observed in conditions under different stand density over the last 10 years. The results proved the unequal onset of phenophases of the parent stand individuals in relation to their sociological status. In the case of codominant and dominant trees the delay of 2–5 days was observed in comparison with subdominant trees. The influence of the parent stand structure on the onset of the undergrowth phenophases was also observed. The onset of phenophases differed by 2–20 days among individuals grown under different density of the parent stand. The onset and course of phenophases also differed between the years. The trend of the average onset of leafing in the period 1995–2004 shows a shift to earlier dates by about three days. Temperature summation of average daily temperatures with the base temperature of 8°C, in the framework of the model predicted bud-burst of beech, showed the lowest variability in comparison with other temperatures.

scholarly journals Phenology of leaf development in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) on a site in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2020

Les/Wood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Škrk ◽  
Zalika Črepinšek ◽  
Katarina Čufar
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
The Republic ◽  
A Site ◽  
Term Monitoring

In spring of 2020 we observed leaf phenology in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia (46.05°N, 14.49°E, 310 m a. s. l.). A group of 11 trees was selected for daily monitoring of leaf development. We recorded seven phases from dormant buds, through leaf unfolding till development of mature leaves. At the same time, photos were taken to illustrate the leaf development. First developing leaves were observed on 4 April in one tree. General leaf unfolding, as defined by International Phenological Gardens (IPG), was observed in different trees between 7 and 25 April 2020. The occurrence and duration of individual phases of leaf development showed great variation within and between trees. General leaf unfolding of the tree included in the long-term monitoring program of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) occurred on DOY 105 (14 April 2020), which is 4 days earlier than long-term average of the same tree/location, and this is ascribed to above average temperatures in the winter of 2019/2020.

THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON WOOD FORMATION IN FAGUS SYLVATICA DURING TWO CONTRASTING YEARS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Giagli ◽  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Hanuš Vavrčík ◽  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
Vladimír Gryc
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
Local Weather

We studied the effect of local weather conditions on intra-annual wood formation dynamics and wood structure of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from a temperate location in the Czech Republic in two consecutive years, 2010 and 2011, characterized by different amounts of precipitation. Microcores were taken at weekly intervals and transverse sections of cambial and xylem tissue were prepared for light microscopic observation. Air temperature and soil moisture content were measured daily at the research plot. Tree-ring formation patterns and vessel features showed different responses to climatic factors in the two years. In 2010, the onset of cambial cell production occurred almost 10 days later than in 2011, when a considerably reduced amount of rainfall was already observed in the winter and spring months, as shown in Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values. Lack of precipitation in 2011 caused premature cessation of cambial cell division and markedly narrower annual xylem increments. Vessel density and water conductive area were higher in 2011 than in 2010. Average vessel size in general did not change. In response to local weather conditions, beech controls its hydraulic conductivity mainly by changing the number of vessels and tree growth rate, followed by vessel size. The lower sensitivity of vessel diameter to hydrological alterations confirms previous studies by other authors.

scholarly journals Genomic signatures of natural selection at phenology-related genes in a widely distributed tree species Fagus sylvatica L

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Meger ◽  
Bartosz Ulaszewski ◽  
Jaroslaw Burczyk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Candidate Snps ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Entire Study

Abstract Background Diversity among phenology-related genes is predicted to be a contributing factor in local adaptations seen in widely distributed plant species that grow in climatically variable geographic areas, such as forest trees. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is widespread, and is one of the most important broadleaved tree species in Europe; however, its potential for adaptation to climate change is a matter of uncertainty, and little is known about the molecular basis of climate change-relevant traits like bud burst. Results We explored single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at candidate genes related to bud burst in beech individuals sampled across 47 populations from Europe. SNP diversity was monitored for 380 candidate genes using a sequence capture approach, providing 2909 unlinked SNP loci. We used two complementary analytical methods to find loci significantly associated with geographic variables, climatic variables (expressed as principal components), or phenotypic variables (spring and autumn phenology, height, survival). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to detect candidate markers across two spatial scales (entire study area and within subregions). We revealed 201 candidate SNPs at the broadest scale, 53.2% of which were associated with phenotypic variables. Additive polygenic scores, which provide a measure of the cumulative signal across significant candidate SNPs, were correlated with a climate variable (first principal component, PC1) related to temperature and precipitation availability, and spring phenology. However, different genotype-environment associations were identified within Southeastern Europe as compared to the entire geographic range of European beech. Conclusions Environmental conditions play important roles as drivers of genetic diversity of phenology-related genes that could influence local adaptation in European beech. Selection in beech favors genotypes with earlier bud burst under warmer and wetter habitats within its range; however, selection pressures may differ across spatial scales.

scholarly journals Health Condition of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) According to Provenances in International Provenance Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevenka Ćelepirović ◽  
Aikaterini Dounavi ◽  
Mladen Ivanković ◽  
Heinz Rennenberg ◽  
Anamarija Jazbec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Damage Types

The performance of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) is severely threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses, but the resilience of its provenances from distinct geographic areas has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the performance of European beech was investigated in an international provenance trial consisting of twenty-one natural populations originating from Central Europe and Southeast Europe located on Medvednica Mountain (Croatia). The performance of European beech was investigated by characterizing I) damage types, II) crown damage intensity, III) damage frequency, and IV) clustering of provenances based on damage types. Anthracnose, galls, chewing damages, and aphids were recorded on leaves, and canker on the trunk and branches. The crown damage intensity was minute (less than 10%) for all types of disease. Anthracnose was the most common damage, followed in descending order by galls, canker, chewing damages and aphids. When the types of damage were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency analysis and clustering), significant differences were recorded between provenances (χ2=322.19, p<0.0001). European beech provenances were classified into four clusters. Aphids and galls caused the least and the highest damage, respectively, in each cluster, except for Cluster 4, where anthracnose caused the highest damage. The results of this study showed generally good health condition of European beech provenances originating from Central and Southeast Europe in the period of the investigation.

scholarly journals How Does Radial Growth of Water-Stressed Populations of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Trees Vary under Multiple Drought Events?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Tamalika Chakraborty ◽  
Albert Reif ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis ◽  
Somidh Saha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Competition

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees are becoming vulnerable to drought, with a warming climate. Existing studies disagree on how radial growth varies in European beech in response to droughts. We aimed to find the impact of multiple droughts on beech trees’ annual radial growth at their ecological drought limit created by soil water availability in the forest. Besides, we quantified the influence of competition and canopy openness on the mean basal area growth of beech trees. We carried out this study in five near-natural temperate forests in three localities of Germany and Switzerland. We quantified available soil water storage capacity (AWC) in plots laid in the transition zone from oak to beech dominated forests. The plots were classified as ‘dry’ (AWC < 60 mL) and ‘less-dry’ (AWC > 60 mL). We performed dendroecological analyses starting from 1951 in continuous and discontinuous series to study the influence of climatic drought (i.e., precipitation-potential evapotranspiration) on the radial growth of beech trees in dry and less-dry plots. We used observed values for this analysis and did not use interpolated values from interpolated historical records in this study. We selected six drought events to study the resistance, recovery, and resilience of beech trees to drought at a discontinuous level. The radial growth was significantly higher in less-dry plots than dry plots. The increase in drought had reduced tree growth. Frequent climatic drought events resulted in more significant correlations, hence, increased the dependency of tree growth on AWC. We showed that the recovery and resilience to climatic drought were higher in trees in less-dry plots than dry plots, but it was the opposite for resistance. The resistance, recovery, and resilience of the trees were heterogeneous between the events of drought. Mean growth of beech trees (basal area increment) were negatively impacted by neighborhood competition and positively influenced by canopy openness. We emphasized that beech trees growing on soil with low AWC are at higher risk of growth decline. We concluded that changes in soil water conditions even at the microsite level could influence beech trees’ growth in their drought limit under the changing climate. Along with drought, neighborhood competition and lack of light can also reduce beech trees’ growth. This study will enrich the state of knowledge about the ongoing debate on the vulnerability of beech trees to drought in Europe.

scholarly journals Distribution of the timber quality attribute ‘knot surface’ in logs of Fagus sylvatica L. from pure and mixed forest stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Höwler ◽  
Torsten Vor ◽  
Peter Schall ◽  
Peter Annighöfer ◽  
Dominik Seidel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Timber Quality ◽  
Positive Effects

AbstractResearch on mixed forests has mostly focused on tree growth and productivity, or resistance and resilience in changing climate conditions, but only rarely on the effects of tree species mixing on timber quality. In particular, it is still unclear whether the numerous positive effects of mixed forests on productivity and stability come at the expense of timber quality. In this study, we used photographs of sawn boards from 90 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees of mixed and pure forest stands to analyze internal timber quality through the quality indicator knot surface that was quantitatively assessed using the software Datinf® Measure. We observed a decrease in knot surface with increasing distance from the pith as well as smaller values in the lower log sections. Regarding the influence of neighborhood species identity, we found only minor effects meaning that timber qualities in mixed stands of beech and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) tended to be slightly worse compared to pure beech stands.

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