scholarly journals The role and importance of long-term fiscal planning

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Boston ◽  
Rebecca Prebble
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fiscal Planning ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Professional Judgments

Many countries now require the regular publication of longterm fiscal projections, looking at the potential long-term costs of government spending programmes (see Anderson and Sheppard, 2009). In New Zealand, section 26N of the Public Finance Act 1989 (as amended in 2004) requires the Treasury to publish a Statement on the Long-Term Fiscal Position at least every four years. Under the act, such statements must look out at least 40 years. Their contents are the responsibility of the secretary to the Treasury (rather than the minister of finance), and the Treasury is required to use ‘its best professional judgments’ in assessing the fiscal outlook and potential risks. 

Conclusion: What academia can contribute to refugee policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Potential Risks

This conclusion to the special issue highlights the role of scholars in advancing the public discussion about forced migration. As countries around the world are adopting increasing restrictions on the entry of refugees, academic research can help to dispel some of the myths and apprehensions regarding the risks that forced migration entails. While refugees may be linked to conflict and violence in limited circumstances, the research generally demonstrates that robust international cooperation to manage refugee settlements, provide adequate humanitarian assistance, and integrate refugees into host communities, among other policies, can help to mitigate potential risks. Directions for future research and analysis are also discussed. Forced migration scholars should endeavor to collect more individual-level data; seek to understand factors that exacerbate or reduce security risks associated with cross-border militancy; conduct research on the long-term integration of refugees; and seek to understand the causes and consequences of resettlement and repatriation policies.

scholarly journals Imbalance of the public finance in the context of Keynesian and Non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy limitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Joanna Stawska
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
The Public ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Restrictive Policy

The purpose of this article is to point out the importance of the size of public debt and deficit in the context of Keynesian and non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy limitation. To achieve this objective primarily were used methods of analysis of the available literature and presentation of statistical data. Considerations include, among others, the presentation of public debt and deficit in the context of economic growth. Expansionary fiscal policy often caused by economic fluctuations contributes to the deepening of public finance imbalance with frequent decline in GDP growth. The restrictive policy has an influence on improving the situation of the public finance sector in the long-term with at least moderate economic growth.

scholarly journals Economic Growth and the Public Sector: A Comparison of Canada and Italy, 1870-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-243
Author(s):  
Livio Di Matteo ◽  
Thomas Barbiero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Stagnation

There is considerable evidence that the size of the public sector can influence an economy’s rate of economic growth. We investigate public sector spending of central governments and economic performance in two G7 countries over the long-term, Canada and Italy. Their economic performance has diverged in the last 25 years and it is worth investigating whether the size of government was a contributing factor. We find that in both the case of Canada and Italy the size of central government spending directly affects the performance of their economies in an inverse U-shaped relationship known as a Scully/BARS Curve. These results suggest that along with modifying current central government size, other levels of governments may need to shrink their own spending. The fact that the amount spent by government on pensions as a percentage of GDP in Italy is nearly 4 times that in Canada may partly explain the higher level of Italy’s public debt as well as an indirect contributing factor to economic stagnation in the last 25 years.

Granting Immunity: Authorisation and “Public Benefit”

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-263
Author(s):  
Rex Ahdar
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
Court Of Appeal ◽  
Total Welfare ◽  
Term Benefit ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyses the authorisation mechanism—a demanding cost-benefit test for those applicants who seek advance approval of their potentially contravening conduct. The “public benefits” and detriments the Commission can assess under this test are very broad. The potentially relevant matters go well beyond economic efficiencies to intangible and unquantified gains or harms. A thorny issue has been the distributional question. Does the Act have an implicit bias in favour of consumers when it comes to weighing benefits and detriments? Must benefits be passed on to consumers? The Chicagoan thinking came to dominate and the Commission pronounced it was “neutral” regarding wealth transfers from consumers to producers. The 2001 Amendment, which altered the purpose of the Act to clarify that competition operated for the long-term benefit of New Zealand consumers, did not initially alter the Chicagoan stance. Over time, however, the purely neutral stance towards wealth transfers has been eroded. The Court of Appeal decided that private gains, redounding solely to the companies alone, were not sufficient. “Modified total welfare” arrived as a new term in the New Zealand antitrust lexicon. The chapter also analyses the non-neutral stance where the benefits go to foreign owners of local companies.

Towards nanomedicines: design protocols to assemble, visualize and test carbon nanotube probes for multi-modality biomedical imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1924) ◽  
pp. 3683-3712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia I. Pascu ◽  
Rory L. Arrowsmith ◽  
Simon R. Bayly ◽  
Simon Brayshaw ◽  
Zhiyuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Synthetic Scaffolds ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Sites Of Action

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field, still in its infancy, where an accurate scientific assessment of potential risks and benefits is urgently needed, as is the engagement of end users and the public in this facet of the nanotechnology debate. There is increasing interest in improving our understanding of the interactions between nanomaterials and living systems, with regard to both the underlying chemistry and the physics of effects on the nanoscale. Ultimately, such knowledge promises new vistas for designing the ‘smart’ medicines of the future, of which targeted personalized drugs are the holy grail. Imaging and therapeutic components, including metallic radioisotopes, semiconductor quantum dots and magnetic materials, may be used to construct ‘nanocarriers’ (by encapsulation or conjugation) by rapid and simple (covalent and supramolecular) chemistry. The biomedical functions of the resulting materials are as yet largely unexplored. Encapsulation in nanocarriers could achieve delivery of the reagents (imaging and therapeutic drugs) to the sites of action in the body, while minimizing systemic toxicity and enzymatic degradation. These functional systems have the potential to become a general solution in drug delivery. Here we review recent developments concerning the applications of nanoparticles, including carbon nanotubes, as synthetic scaffolds for designing nanomedicines. This article will also focus on how understanding and design at the molecular level could help interdisciplinary teams develop research towards new diagnostics and therapeutics both in the short and the long term.

scholarly journals Contextual Influences on the Perception of Bullying Behaviours for Youth in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jennifer Sian Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short And Long Term

<p>Bullying has gained a lot of attention in the public and academic spheres over the past two decades (Carrera, DePalma, & Lameiras, 2011; Monks et al., 2009) and is considered to be a very serious international issue (Due et al., 2005; Mullis, Martin, Foy, & Arora, 2012). There is extensive research based on the experiences of bullying, which has examined prevalence rates (Green, Harcourt, Mattioni, & Prior, 2013), distinctions between different types of bullying (Rivers & Smith, 1994; Smokowski & Kopasz, 2005) as well as the short and long term impacts (Coggan, Bennett, Hooper, & Dickinson, 2003). Through this, a strong research based understanding of bullying has been developed and a consistent definition established (Canty, Stubbe, Steers, & Collings, 2014; Carroll-Lind, 2009). However, previous research has primarily focused on the experiences of bullying, and few studies have examined how bullying is understood from the perspectives of young people. The present study aimed to bridge this gap by exploring young people’s understanding of bullying behaviour in New Zealand. Twenty participants completed a short questionnaire and structured interview, where they discussed four hypothetical scenarios, each describing a different type of bullying in a different setting. Results demonstrated that young people maintain a much broader conception of bullying than what is currently defined by academia. The academic criteria of intention to harm, repetition and an imbalance of power were not central to young people’s definitions of bullying. Rather, factors such as, the reaction of the victim, how public the behaviour was and the role of friendship were more instrumental in shaping young people’s bullying perceptions and definitions. Furthermore, it was found that the perceived relationship between bullies, victims and bystanders as well as gender differences, also influenced participants’ understanding of bullying behaviours. These findings yield important implications for the development and efficacy of intervention programs. Limitations and avenues of future research are also discussed.</p>

scholarly journals New Zealand Apartment Living: Developing a Liveability Evaluation Index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Bennett
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Acoustic Environments

<p>Over the past decade there has been a major shift in the housing preferences of New Zealanders away from low density, suburban, stand-alone housing towards higher density, urban apartments. As more people experience this style of accommodation, liveability issues have become apparent. An international literature review has found a gap between the research-based academic knowledge and the expectations of prospective occupants as represented by the national, popular press. For occupants their crucial issues are readily assessable (e.g. spatial and visual design), but often these issues do not have direct or long term health effects. The academic literature minimises these issues while placing importance on health and liveability issues (e.g. thermal and acoustic environments). This thesis presents the development of an assessment methodology to enable prospective buyers/tenants to easily and quickly evaluate and compare apartment liveability over a wide range of indicators, not just those of immediate concern. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index [NZ ALI] considers over 100 factors that influence liveability in higher density housing and presents this information in a simple, easily understandable format. The indicators have been organised into a weighted hierarchal system divided into five main categories: Community; Configuration; Governance; Indoor Environmental Quality; and Quality. There are 332 components within the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index and all are weighted in order to provide a simple Liveability Rating (single score) or Liveability Profile (performance profile). Six criteria were applied in the development of the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The development criteria considered relevancy to liveability, objectivity & practicality of assessments, accuracy of evaluations, and generality & user friendliness of the tool. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index is intended to provide the public with a simple, easy to use tool to help them make informed decisions when purchasing or leasing apartments. It will also be of value to regulatory agencies to help better understand the minimum liveability standards for apartments, as well as to designers and developers to help them better meet the needs of their current clients and future building users.</p>

Public attitude towards conservation in New Zealand and awareness of threatened species.

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark N. H. Seabrook-Davidson ◽  
Dianne H. Brunton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Sphenodon Punctatus ◽  
Advocacy Role

A survey was conducted amongst a sample (n = 3 000) of the New Zealand public to gauge their perception of government spending on conservation. The survey also obtained an understanding of the level of awareness the public has of New Zealand threatened species. Respondents ranked eight areas of government spending, namely health, education, superannuation, law and order, defence, conservation of native species, primary industry research & development and tourism. From a response rate of n = 131 (4.5%), health and education were ranked the highest, followed by law and order with conservation in fourth position. Except for conservation of native species, these rankings by respondents closely aligned with priorities of average annual government spending. Awareness was the highest for endemic species such as kiwi Apteryx spp, Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori, kokako Callaeas cinerea cinerea, kakapo Strigops habroptilus, takahe Porphyrio mantelli, Maui’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori maui and tuatara Sphenodon punctatus. The awareness for these prominent species may suggest that the Department of Conservation is achieving some success in its advocacy role to increase the public’s awareness of species threatened with extinction. With awareness of threatened species and the moderate ranking given to conservation expenditure, it is evident there is a level of public support for expenditure on protection of biodiversity and natural heritage.

scholarly journals New Zealand Apartment Living: Developing a Liveability Evaluation Index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Bennett
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Acoustic Environments

<p>Over the past decade there has been a major shift in the housing preferences of New Zealanders away from low density, suburban, stand-alone housing towards higher density, urban apartments. As more people experience this style of accommodation, liveability issues have become apparent. An international literature review has found a gap between the research-based academic knowledge and the expectations of prospective occupants as represented by the national, popular press. For occupants their crucial issues are readily assessable (e.g. spatial and visual design), but often these issues do not have direct or long term health effects. The academic literature minimises these issues while placing importance on health and liveability issues (e.g. thermal and acoustic environments). This thesis presents the development of an assessment methodology to enable prospective buyers/tenants to easily and quickly evaluate and compare apartment liveability over a wide range of indicators, not just those of immediate concern. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index [NZ ALI] considers over 100 factors that influence liveability in higher density housing and presents this information in a simple, easily understandable format. The indicators have been organised into a weighted hierarchal system divided into five main categories: Community; Configuration; Governance; Indoor Environmental Quality; and Quality. There are 332 components within the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index and all are weighted in order to provide a simple Liveability Rating (single score) or Liveability Profile (performance profile). Six criteria were applied in the development of the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The development criteria considered relevancy to liveability, objectivity & practicality of assessments, accuracy of evaluations, and generality & user friendliness of the tool. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index is intended to provide the public with a simple, easy to use tool to help them make informed decisions when purchasing or leasing apartments. It will also be of value to regulatory agencies to help better understand the minimum liveability standards for apartments, as well as to designers and developers to help them better meet the needs of their current clients and future building users.</p>

scholarly journals MODERN VECTORS OF REFORMING PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISM AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Vasyl DEMIANYSHYN
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Management System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Finance Management ◽  
Dialectical Analysis ◽  
Financial Mechanism

Introduction. The decline in the rate of socio-economic development of Ukraine, caused by a decrease in the effectiveness of state financial policy, the lag of its strategy from the requirements of the time, indicates the presence of complex unsolved problems of public finance management. The system of such management turned out to be unpredictable, especially in the long and medium term. The imbalance of certain elements of the financial mechanism led to a decrease in the quality of the state's performance of its functions. Objectively, society was faced with the task of reforming the public finance management system at all levels of the financial system, while modernizing the financial mechanism of the state and ensuring the achievement of long-term macroeconomic stability. The purpose of the article is to study scientific and methodological approaches to determining the stages, directions and specific components of public finance management, substantiation of modern vectors of reforming this management in the context of modernization of the financial mechanism and financial system of Ukraine. Methods. The study used general and special methods, in particular, dialectical analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, logical generalization, and formalization. Results. The conceptual approaches to clarifying the essence and general characteristics of public finance management, its goals, objectives, principles and approaches are disclosed. The relationship between the types, stages, directions and components of the public finance management system has been established. The factors that negatively affect the management process are analyzed. The directions of improving the public finance management system in the context of reforming the financial system of Ukraine and the development of the financial mechanism of society are proposed, in particular: strengthening the requirements for maintaining financial discipline in the future; modernization of the system for the formation and distribution of financial resources of the state; creating conditions for ensuring the implementation of state financial plans; ensuring an appropriate level of publicity, transparency and clear accountability in the management of all parts of the financial system of Ukraine. It is proved that the implementation of each of these areas will contribute to improving the efficiency of public finance management in the context of modernization of the financial mechanism and financial system of Ukraine.

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