scholarly journals An Exploration of the Factors Influencing Home Users' Cybersecurity Behaviours

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicole Kristine Henika Braun
Keyword(s):  
Internet Security ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Home User ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Home Users

<p>Cybersecurity has been a concern for businesses and governments since their initial uptake of the Internet in the 1970s. As more and more people started using the internet for personal use, cybersecurity has become an important concern for home users as well. However, most research on cybersecurity has been undertaken at an organisational rather than at the individual level. Individual behaviours online have became increasingly important as the line between home and business use has blurred and users’ actions on their home computers has begun to have more wide ranging implications. There appears to be a lack of agreement on how to approach the topic of internet security outside of an organisational perspective.  This research focuses on the individual home user perspective and seeks to (1) identify factors relate to users’ cybersecurity behaviours, and (2) examine how the identified factors relate to users' cybersecurity behaviours. A conceptual framework was developed based on the literature to guide the data collection.  To identify the relevant factors relating to home users’ security behaviours, a qualitative study comprised of three focus groups and 20 individual interviews was carried out. From the data, a revised model was developed. In the revised model, awareness threats was identified as a necessary first cybersecurity step before users can form opinions about the danger of threats. Awareness of threats was influenced by users' characteristics, opinions, and experiences as well as by factors in their external environments.  The combination of internal factors, external factors, and awareness led to users’ perceptions about the danger of threats online. This perception of danger led to users’ intentions to engage in protective behaviours. However, these intentions were strengthened or weakened based on users’ perceptions about the barriers to and enablers of security.  By applying the revised model, it was possible to identify different types of security users. Through the identification of these user types, eight factors emerged as being particularly important in influencing users' perceptions of threats and dangers: knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, trust, threat awareness, safeguard awareness, prior experience, reliance, and security orientation. These factors from the model are used as a starting point to understanding how users make decisions about what they will do to protect themselves online. Further, through the identification of these user types suggestions are made about how to promote security for different types of individuals.</p>

scholarly journals An Exploration of the Factors Influencing Home Users' Cybersecurity Behaviours

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicole Kristine Henika Braun
Keyword(s):  
Internet Security ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Home User ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Home Users

<p>Cybersecurity has been a concern for businesses and governments since their initial uptake of the Internet in the 1970s. As more and more people started using the internet for personal use, cybersecurity has become an important concern for home users as well. However, most research on cybersecurity has been undertaken at an organisational rather than at the individual level. Individual behaviours online have became increasingly important as the line between home and business use has blurred and users’ actions on their home computers has begun to have more wide ranging implications. There appears to be a lack of agreement on how to approach the topic of internet security outside of an organisational perspective.  This research focuses on the individual home user perspective and seeks to (1) identify factors relate to users’ cybersecurity behaviours, and (2) examine how the identified factors relate to users' cybersecurity behaviours. A conceptual framework was developed based on the literature to guide the data collection.  To identify the relevant factors relating to home users’ security behaviours, a qualitative study comprised of three focus groups and 20 individual interviews was carried out. From the data, a revised model was developed. In the revised model, awareness threats was identified as a necessary first cybersecurity step before users can form opinions about the danger of threats. Awareness of threats was influenced by users' characteristics, opinions, and experiences as well as by factors in their external environments.  The combination of internal factors, external factors, and awareness led to users’ perceptions about the danger of threats online. This perception of danger led to users’ intentions to engage in protective behaviours. However, these intentions were strengthened or weakened based on users’ perceptions about the barriers to and enablers of security.  By applying the revised model, it was possible to identify different types of security users. Through the identification of these user types, eight factors emerged as being particularly important in influencing users' perceptions of threats and dangers: knowledge, perceived self-efficacy, trust, threat awareness, safeguard awareness, prior experience, reliance, and security orientation. These factors from the model are used as a starting point to understanding how users make decisions about what they will do to protect themselves online. Further, through the identification of these user types suggestions are made about how to promote security for different types of individuals.</p>

scholarly journals Creativity Versus Innovativeness: Exploring the Differences between the Two Constructs May Lead to Greater Innovation in Large Firms

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cocco ◽  
Majdi Quttainah
Keyword(s):  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustained Competitive Advantage ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Study Support ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

<p>Several individuals from top management seem to be confused about the difference between creativity and innovativeness. Amabile (1997) suggests that while innovation begins with creative ideas, creativity by individuals and teams is only a starting point for innovation. Individual creativity is necessary but not sufficient to yield breakthrough innovation in organizations. This can sometimes cause confusion in employee development efforts and actions taken by management. Companies often look for ways to hire and retain creative employees and at the same time they are also interested in establishing a creative environment for knowledge workers… but should creativity be the primary focus? These firms hope that creativity enhancing steps will eventually lead to greater innovation and therefore help it to achieve sustained competitive advantage. This paper attempts to demonstrate that there are potentially other dimensions beyond creativity related to innovativeness, which should be considered at the individual level in order to foster innovation in firms. Empirical results in this study support the idea that intrinsic motivational orientation, sociability and political astuteness are enhancers to employee innovativeness while perfection seeking behavior detracts employee innovativeness. These findings may serve to extend Amabile’s (1997) componential framework to center on the “innovativeness” construct versus creativity to help explain how firms need to hire, cultivate and retain the right talent.</p>

scholarly journals Whose Realm, His Trust - Regional Disparities of Generalized Trust in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Stephany
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regional Clusters ◽  
Commercial Transaction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

Trust explains the functioning of markets, institutions or society as a whole. It is a key element in almost every commercial transaction over time and might be one of the main explanations of economic success and development. In Europe, the determinants of (generalized) trust have been investigated in the past. Most scholars have focused on aggregate (national) levels of trust. However, it can be assumed that driving forces, which foster or diminish trust, act at a sub-national level. Regional clusters remain undetected. With the use of the European Social Survey 6 and modern spatial diagnostics, this work examines the individual and regional determinants of trust in 88 European NUTS1 regions in 26 countries. There are two main findings. First, wealth, linguistic fragmentation, and religious ideologies shape trust on a regional level, education, income, and membership in associations foster trust on an individual level. Secondly, the study unravels regional dispersions in different types of "trust regimes" in Europe. Regional clusters of generalized trust are confirmed by spatial diagnostics. The "regionality" of trust could be of importance for future targeted policy making.

Turnout

2020 ◽  
pp. 409-426
Author(s):  
Pedro Riera
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
High Turnout ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Established Democracies

Voters’ turnout is always a crucial aspect in our explanation of election outcomes. A high turnout is often said to give legitimacy to the democratic system. Moreover, turnout usually has distributive effects: parties’ vote shares depend on the levels of turnout registered in a given election. My chapter has the following four aims. First of all, it offers a broad picture of electoral participation in Spain by comparing its level with data in other established democracies. Second, I examine the evolution of turnout in Spain and include information on the different types of elections that take place in the country. The third part of the chapter is devoted to studying the determinants of turnout at the aggregate (electoral district) level. Finally, I analyse what sources of variation in turnout exist at the individual level by taking into account the effect of three main groups of explanatory factors: sociodemographic, attitudinal, and economic.

scholarly journals Experiences of managing a gluten-free diet on multiple levels of society: a qualitative study

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Garnweidner-Holme ◽  
Karla Sende ◽  
Monica Hellmann ◽  
Christine Henriksen ◽  
Knut E. A. Lundin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy against dietary gluten. The treatment for CD is a strict life-long gluten-free (GF) diet, which has a profound effect on a person’s life. In recent years, there has been an increase in the availability of gluten-free products. This study investigates how people with CD experience and manage a GF diet. Methods Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted in different areas of Norway. The analysis was guided by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Participants with CD (n = 12) varied in terms of gender, age, family composition and time since diagnosed. Results The analysis revealed challenges for a GF diet at the individual, interpersonal, community and policy levels. At the individual level, the participants explained that it took time to gain knowledge about a GF diet, and they expressed uncertainty about the healthiness of a GF diet. At the interpersonal level, the feeling of being different and the fear of gluten contamination were barriers to the enjoyment of social meals. At the community level, the participants asked for a wider selection of tastier GF products to purchase and increased knowledge about CD among those who prepare and sell GF foods. At the policy level, the participants asked for political action to make GF products more affordable. Conclusions This study indicates that people with CD should be given information about how to manage a GF diet right after being diagnosed with CD. The food industry should be encouraged to produce healthy and tasty GF products.

Digital Divide and Broadband Access in an Italian Region

2011 ◽  
pp. 160-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Ferro ◽  
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia ◽  
Natalie Helbig
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Skills Acquisition ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
It Skills

Reducing the digital divide in order to build an information society for all is one of the top priorities for European policymakers. A better understanding of the determinants of broadband access at the individual level represents a key starting point for any e-inclusion policy. Based on a review of the literature on digital divide and broadband access, we document different approaches to understanding the digital divide and argue that these perspectives can also help to understand broadband access. Combining the digital divide and broadband literature provides a systematic and theory-based approach to the selection and inclusion of variables in different models. This chapter presents the results of a survey conducted in an Italian region. We provide some implications of our findings and argue that policymakers should explore the relationship between IT skills acquisition, broadband access, and Internet use in order to develop more effective policies and programs.

In the grip of politics? How political journalists in France and Germany perceive political influence on their work

Journalism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1242-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Sources ◽  
Political Journalists ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was to find out whether countries with different media systems differed when exercising political influence (1) on political coverage and (2) in the exchanges of journalists and sources. France and Germany are suitable objects of comparison because Hallin and Mancini (2004) and others argued that French journalism showed higher levels of political parallelism. Hence, we should expect to find more influence in the French context. However, Hallin and Mancini did not focus on the rules shaping exchanges at the individual level. Taking this as our starting point, we compared high-ranking political journalists’ ( N = 284) perspectives on their interaction with political elites presenting them two statements measuring political influence. Our results suggest that French journalists perceived greater political influence on news content than did German journalists. In contrast, journalists working in France perceived that their political views had less influence on access to information than did their German counterparts. These results are in line with institutional and cultural differences between the countries’ politics-media contexts and suggest that political parallelism at the individual level plays a stronger role in the interactions of political journalists and political sources in Germany.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the use of video interpretation compared to in-person interpretation in hospitals: a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Feiring ◽  
Stine Westdahl
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Soft Budget Constraints ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Interpreter Use ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Professional Interpreter ◽  
Barriers To Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organisational Factors

Abstract Background Facilitating access to professional interpretation services is key to equitable hospital care for migrants with limited language proficiency; however, interpreter underuse has been documented. The factors that potentially enable or hinder professional interpreter use are not well understood. We aimed to compare perceptions held by hospital managers and healthcare practitioners of the factors influencing the use of remote video interpretation and in-person interpretation. Methods This study employed a retrospective qualitative design. Two hospitals, located in Austria and Norway, with adequately similar baseline characteristics were purposively selected. Both hospitals used in-person interpreters, and the Austrian hospital had recently introduced remote video interpretation as an alternative and supplement. Fifteen managers and healthcare practitioners participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Data were thematically analysed with the aid of behavioural system theory. Results Across sites, the facilitators of interpreter use included individual factors (knowledge about interpreter services, skills to assess when/how to use an interpreter, beliefs about favourable consequences), as well as organisational factors (soft budget constraints). Barriers were identified at the individual level (lack of interpersonal skills to handle difficult provider-interpreter situations, lack of skills to persuade patients to accept interpreter use, lack of trust in service professionalism), and at the organisational level (limited interpreter availability, time constraints). The introduction of remote video interpretation services seemed to counteract the organisational barriers. Video interpretation was further perceived to enable patient confidentiality, which was regarded as a facilitator. However, video interpretation introduced specific barriers, including perceived communication deficiencies. Conclusion This study has identified a range of factors that are perceived to influence the use of interpreters in hospitals. The research suggests that-implementing remote video interpretation services lessens the barriers to use and that such services should be introduced in hospital settings as an alternative or supplement to in-person interpreters. Further intervention functions should be considered to bring about change in the use of interpretation services, including developing guidelines for interpreter use, educating staff in the appropriate use of video technology, and training staff in communicating with interpreter and patients with limited language proficiency.

scholarly journals HANNAH ARENDT’S “POLITICAL BEINGS” AS A REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL EXISTENTIALISM FOR HUMANS EXISTING IN THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ray Lienardy ◽  
Rendi Lustanto ◽  
Ganang Dwi Kartika
Keyword(s):  
Political Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Idea ◽  
Vita Activa ◽  
The Individual

Discussions in politics often focus on a broad range of political systems or political movements. This focus leads to the efforts to direct the public to the conversation of "Politics" in the sense of a system and it overlooks the fact that politics is built on the crystallization of ideas from individuals who interpret the condition of togetherness in the world. The interpretation is very important because it is the starting point for political discourse to grow and develop, which is often referred to as individual’s "political" struggle. The struggle involves a conversation between me and myself which is later embodied into an individual political idea. The effort to uncover the importance of "politics" within the framework of individual struggle becomes very important when the discourse provided by "Politics" reaches an impasse. This condition gives an impact on the quality of "Politics" that can cause a significant decline, that is "Politics" is not interpreted to achieve justice but only as a means of pursuing mere interests. This study applies qualitative methods based on theoretical and literary studies on Hannah Arendt’s existentialism, namely Vita Activa theory. The expected result of this study is to reconstruct the political concepts on the individual level that are necessary for human beings to be in the world.

scholarly journals A Framework To Estimate Loss And Damage (L&D) To Floods In a Changing Climate, Using Capital-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdyuti Bose ◽  
Trupti Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Specific Reference ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Capital Asset ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Post Disaster

Abstract Although there exist many mitigation and adaptation responses for disaster management, with specific reference to floods, still there are some residual impacts which arise from insufficient mitigation and inadequate adaptation, known as loss and damage (L&D). Literature has identified familiar methodologies, namely Damage and Loss Assessment, Post Disaster Needs Assessment, Catastrophe Simulation, Hazus-MH, and econometric models to quantify “loss” and “damage” separately, but, given that the starting point of L&D, being the livelihood vulnerability context of the individuals, there is a need for comprehensive approach to quantify residual “loss and damage” on the livelihood assets. This study has adopted a bottom-up approach, Sustainable Livelihood Framework and revised to provide the quantitative estimates of loss and damage of floods to the five types of capital assets (human, social, physical, financial, natural), at the individual level. A panel regression model can be used to determine the losses inflicted to each capital asset, which can be further used to derive first and second order loss and damage estimates for identifying room(s) for flood recovery interventions. A set of individual specific and community specific characteristics play an important role in determining the influence of floods on each indicator of each type of capital asset. However, this model can find differential impacts of different types of disaster in different regions across different individuals, depending on their exposure.

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