Experiences of managing a gluten-free diet on multiple levels of society: a qualitative study

Abstract Background Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy against dietary gluten. The treatment for CD is a strict life-long gluten-free (GF) diet, which has a profound effect on a person’s life. In recent years, there has been an increase in the availability of gluten-free products. This study investigates how people with CD experience and manage a GF diet. Methods Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted in different areas of Norway. The analysis was guided by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Participants with CD (n = 12) varied in terms of gender, age, family composition and time since diagnosed. Results The analysis revealed challenges for a GF diet at the individual, interpersonal, community and policy levels. At the individual level, the participants explained that it took time to gain knowledge about a GF diet, and they expressed uncertainty about the healthiness of a GF diet. At the interpersonal level, the feeling of being different and the fear of gluten contamination were barriers to the enjoyment of social meals. At the community level, the participants asked for a wider selection of tastier GF products to purchase and increased knowledge about CD among those who prepare and sell GF foods. At the policy level, the participants asked for political action to make GF products more affordable. Conclusions This study indicates that people with CD should be given information about how to manage a GF diet right after being diagnosed with CD. The food industry should be encouraged to produce healthy and tasty GF products.

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Isolated individuals and groups show opposite preferences toward humidity

10.1101/398651 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mariano Calvo Martín ◽

Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽

Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽

Jean-Christophe de Biseau ◽

Jean-Louis Deneubourg

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Group Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Shed Light ◽

Selection Of

AbstractCockroaches, like most social arthropods, are led to choose collectively among different alternative resting places. These decisions are modulated by different factors, such as environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) and sociality (groups size, nature of communications). The aim of this study is to establish the interplay between environmental conditions and the modulation of the interactions between individuals within a group leading to an inversion of preferences. We show that the preferences of isolated cockroaches and groups of 16 individuals, on the selection of the relative humidity of a shelter are inversed and shed light on the mechanisms involved. We suggest that the relative humidity has a multi-level influence on cockroaches, manifested as an attractant effect at the individual level and as a negative effect at the group level, modulating the interactions.

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The Role of Social Identity in Decisions to Protest

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1029 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Burt Klandermans ◽

J.Van Stekelenburg

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Social Movement ◽

Collective Identity ◽

Political Action ◽

Central Place ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Individual Level ◽

Identity Processes ◽

The Social ◽

The Individual

Social identity processes play a crucial role in the dynamics of protest, whether as antecedents, mediators, moderators, or consequences. Yet, identity did not always feature prominently in the social or political psychology of protest. This has changed—a growing contingent of social and political psychologists is involved now in studies of protest behavior, and in their models the concept of identity occupies a central place. Decades earlier students of social movements had incorporated the concept of collective identity into their theoretical frameworks. The weakness of the social movement literature on identity and contention, though, was that the discussion remained predominantly theoretical. Few seemed to bother about evidence. Basic questions such as how collective identity is formed and becomes salient or politicized were neither phrased nor answered. Perhaps social movement scholars did not bother too much because they tend to study contention when it takes place and when collective identities are already formed and politicized. Collective identity in the social movement literature is a group characteristic in the Durkheimian sense. Someone who sets out to study that type of collective identity may look for such phenomena as the group’s symbols, its rituals, and the beliefs and values its members share. Groups differ in terms of their collective identity. The difference may be qualitative, for example, being an ethnic group rather than a gender group; or quantitative, that is, a difference in the strength of collective identity. Social identity in the social psychological literature is a characteristic of a person. It is that part of a person’s self-image that is derived from the groups he or she is a member of. Social identity supposedly has cognitive, evaluative, and affective components that are measured at the individual level. Individuals differ in terms of social identity, again both qualitatively (the kind of groups they identify with) and quantitatively (the strength of their identification with those groups). The term “collective identity” is used to refer to an identity shared by members of a group or category. Collective identity politicizes when people who share a specific identity take part in political action on behalf of that collective. The politicization of collective identity can take place top-down (organizations mobilize their constituencies) or bottom-up (participants in collective action come to share an identity). In that context causality is an issue. What comes first? Does identification follow participation, or does participation follow identification?

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Evaluating subscore uses across multiple levels: A case of reading and listening subscores for young EFL learners

Language Testing ◽

10.1177/0265532219879654 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 254-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ikkyu Choi ◽

Spiros Papageorgiou

Keyword(s):

Classical Test Theory ◽

Test Theory ◽

Added Value ◽

School Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Foreign Language Learners ◽

Language Tests ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

The Individual ◽

Level Analysis

Stakeholders of language tests are often interested in subscores. However, reporting a subscore is not always justified; a subscore should provide reliable and distinct information to be worth reporting. When a subscore is used for decisions across multiple levels (e.g., individual test takers and schools), it needs to be justified for its reliability and distinctiveness at every relevant level. In this study, we examined whether reporting seven Reading and Listening subscores of the TOEFL Primary® test, a standardized English proficiency test for young English as a foreign language learners, could be justified for reporting at individual and school levels. We analyzed data collected in pilot administrations, in which 4776 students from 51 schools participated. We employed the classical test theory (CTT) based approaches of Haberman (2008) and Haberman, Sinharay, and Puhan (2009) for the individual and school-level investigations, respectively. We also supplemented the CTT-based approaches with a factor analytic approach for the individual level analysis and a multilevel modeling approach for the school-level analysis. The results differed across the two levels: we found little support for reporting the subscores at the individual level, but strong evidence supporting the added-value of the school-level subscores when the sample size for each school exceeds 50.

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Factors influencing the use of video interpretation compared to in-person interpretation in hospitals: a qualitative study

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-020-05720-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eli Feiring ◽

Stine Westdahl

Keyword(s):

Language Proficiency ◽

Soft Budget Constraints ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Interpreter Use ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Professional Interpreter ◽

Barriers To Use ◽

The Individual ◽

Organisational Factors

Abstract Background Facilitating access to professional interpretation services is key to equitable hospital care for migrants with limited language proficiency; however, interpreter underuse has been documented. The factors that potentially enable or hinder professional interpreter use are not well understood. We aimed to compare perceptions held by hospital managers and healthcare practitioners of the factors influencing the use of remote video interpretation and in-person interpretation. Methods This study employed a retrospective qualitative design. Two hospitals, located in Austria and Norway, with adequately similar baseline characteristics were purposively selected. Both hospitals used in-person interpreters, and the Austrian hospital had recently introduced remote video interpretation as an alternative and supplement. Fifteen managers and healthcare practitioners participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Data were thematically analysed with the aid of behavioural system theory. Results Across sites, the facilitators of interpreter use included individual factors (knowledge about interpreter services, skills to assess when/how to use an interpreter, beliefs about favourable consequences), as well as organisational factors (soft budget constraints). Barriers were identified at the individual level (lack of interpersonal skills to handle difficult provider-interpreter situations, lack of skills to persuade patients to accept interpreter use, lack of trust in service professionalism), and at the organisational level (limited interpreter availability, time constraints). The introduction of remote video interpretation services seemed to counteract the organisational barriers. Video interpretation was further perceived to enable patient confidentiality, which was regarded as a facilitator. However, video interpretation introduced specific barriers, including perceived communication deficiencies. Conclusion This study has identified a range of factors that are perceived to influence the use of interpreters in hospitals. The research suggests that-implementing remote video interpretation services lessens the barriers to use and that such services should be introduced in hospital settings as an alternative or supplement to in-person interpreters. Further intervention functions should be considered to bring about change in the use of interpretation services, including developing guidelines for interpreter use, educating staff in the appropriate use of video technology, and training staff in communicating with interpreter and patients with limited language proficiency.

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Considering the Differential Impact of Three Facets of Organizational Health Climate on Employees’ Well-Being

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2015/407232 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zandra M. Zweber ◽

Robert A. Henning ◽

Vicki J. Magley ◽

Pouran Faghri

Keyword(s):

Function Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Organizational Health ◽

Employee Health ◽

Individual Level ◽

Two Samples ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

One potential way that healthy organizations can impact employee health is by promoting a climate for health within the organization. Using a definition of health climate that includes support for health from multiple levels within the organization, this study examines whether all three facets of health climate—the workgroup, supervisor, and organization—work together to contribute to employee well-being. Two samples are used in this study to examine health climate at the individual level and group level in order to provide a clearer picture of the impact of the three health climate facets.k-means cluster analysis was used on each sample to determine groups of individuals based on their levels of the three health climate facets. A discriminant function analysis was then run on each sample to determine if clusters differed on a function of employee well-being variables. Results provide evidence that having strength in all three of the facets is the most beneficial in terms of employee well-being at work. Findings from this study suggest that organizations must consider how health is treated within workgroups, how supervisors support employee health, and what the organization does to support employee health when promoting employee health.

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A case for poetry as history and a methodology with poems by James G. March

Journal of Management History ◽

10.1108/jmh-04-2021-0024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jyoti Bachani

Keyword(s):

Design Methodology ◽

Poetic Form ◽

Content Type ◽

Self Reflection ◽

Individual Level ◽

Ethnographic Approach ◽

To Come ◽

The Individual ◽

Future Work ◽

Selection Of

Purpose This study aims to reveal a lesser known side of Late James G. March, as a poet, by offering a curated selection of his poems. The other purpose of this study is to make a case for using poetry as a methodology. Poetry requires engagement by the reader, thus creating space for the personal. With multiple personal explanations co-existing, poetry allows clarity of action at the individual level while simultaneously leaving room for debate and discussion at the collective level. Thus, poetry offers pluralistic histories with room for complexity, ambiguity, paradox and contradictions. Design/methodology/approach The selection of poems is highly subjective, so an auto-ethnographic approach was appropriate. The collection is curated for the readers of this journal, on topics relevant for the members of the Academy of Management. The argument for poetry as a methodology is based on engaging with the poems for self-reflection and reflexivity. Findings March had a life-long commitment to self-expression through poems. Poetic engagement by one poetry lover with a selection of his poems about our shared profession, yields small self-discoveries that are good for the collective, by revealing unknown histories, with possibilities other than the dominant single story. Poetry as a methodology brings in the personal, that yields moving theories, that are practical in guiding individual action in personally meaningful ways, even in ambiguous, contradictory and complex situations. Originality/value Ideas expressed in poetic form provide a way to liberate possibilities latent in the language itself. Future work from this contribution can be that March’s poems stimulate the imaginations of other poets and poetry lovers, who may have kept it as a private pursuit, just as he did, to come out and share their personal reflexive journeys.

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THE QUANTITY OF CELLS NECESSARY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AT RESIDENTS OF KUZBASS PATIENTS WITH CANCER OF LUNG

Science Evolution ◽

10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-1-113-119 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

Anastasiya Ryzhkova ◽

Varvara Minina ◽

Tatyana Golovina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Individual Level ◽

Patients With Cancer ◽

Accuracy Test ◽

Metaphase Stage ◽

The Individual ◽

Selection Of Patients ◽

Selection Of ◽

Mutational Process

The pilot research executed in 2014 in selection of patients with lung cancer (LC) and healthy residents of Kemerovo region (338 Caucasians: 159 having LC and 179 healthy) has shown statistically significant distinction between groups of level and range of chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocytes. Patients of cancer detection centre (before treatment) had increased chromosome aberration values, both of chromatid and chromosomal types. 250 metaphases were analyzed for each individual. For accuracy test of the received quantitative characteristics of mutational process and definition required and enough number of cells necessary for the analysis, at essential increase in further selection volume, 50 LC patients (selected randomly), comparison of cytogenetic data has been carried out in the analysis of 200 cells, then 400, 600, 800, 1000 and over 1000 metaphases. Totally, in this subgroup 50 000 cells which were at a mitosis metaphase stage have been studied. Statistical data processing was carried out with the use of a software package for Windows Statistica 8.0. Using Mann-Whitney U-criterion it is confirmed that frequency of aberrant metaphases doesn't change significantly for statistics in case of increase in analyzed cells quantity; the analysis of 200 cells gives no less reliable information about the individual CA level, than the analysis of 1000 and more cells. In this regard it is possible to make the conclusion that 200 cells is necessary and enough number of analysed metaphases at the assessment of individual level and chromosomal aberrations' range for Kemerovo region residents who have lung cancer.

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Regular and Temporary Employees in Project Organized Business Pay Different Attention to Preconditions for Learning

Organizacija ◽

10.2478/orga-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 97-110

Author(s):

Gunnar Augustsson ◽

Maria Rasmusson

Keyword(s):

Resource Planning ◽

Organizational Level ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Social Unit ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Organizational Perspective ◽

The Individual ◽

Scientific Value

Abstract Background and purpose: The purpose is to investigate whether regular and temporary staff differ in their perceptions of preconditions for learning and if there are some qualitative aspects that can be considered particularly significant in these differences. Design/Methodology/Approach: The approach consists of a case study based on both quantitative and qualitative data collected via an online questionnaire and individual interviews. Results: The paper question the understanding of the organization as a singular and more or less cohesive unit. On an organizational level, the project owner who hires staff does not care for competence transfer between regulars and temps, or between different groups of staff. At the individual level, temps are more focused on their specific task compared to regulars. Regulars’ seems to safeguarding a community or an organizational perspective, while temps are looking for their own good. Conclusions: There is a risk that one social unit differs, in attention payed to preconditions for learning, from another, when an organization use temporary staff. Therefore, the scientific value of this paper is that using temps may result in or be a consequence of a fragmented organization. The findings show no competence transfer in projects with both temps and regulars, and the project owner takes no active responsibility for human resource planning in terms of competence transfer between different groups of staff. The implications underline that long-term efficiency and rationality in an organization does not always have priority over organizational affiliation even with the hiring of expertise. When this happens, it may lead to a fragmented personnel group that is divided in thinkers/organizers and, performers/doers. When this happens, important practical skills fall outside of the organization, which in a metaphorical sense means that the hand is separated from the brain. Therefore, organizations with temporary staff need to plan for how to enable competence transfer between temporary and regular staff.

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Challenges of Monitoring the Gluten-Free Diet Adherence in the Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Celiac Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2274

Author(s):

Herbert Wieser ◽

Ángela Ruiz-Carnicer ◽

Verónica Segura ◽

Isabel Comino ◽

Carolina Sousa

Keyword(s):

Celiac Disease ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Gluten Free Diet ◽

Gluten Free ◽

Free Products ◽

Immunogenic Peptides ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Strict Diet

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic gluten-responsive immune mediated enteropathy and is treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, a strict diet for life is not easy due to the ubiquitous nature of gluten. This review aims at examining available evidence on the degree of adherence to a GFD, the methods to assess it, and the barriers to its implementation. The methods for monitoring the adherence to a GFD are comprised of a dietary questionnaire, celiac serology, or clinical symptoms; however, none of these methods generate either a direct or an accurate measure of dietary adherence. A promising advancement is the development of tests that measure gluten immunogenic peptides in stools and urine. Causes of adherence/non-adherence to a GFD are numerous and multifactorial. Inadvertent dietary non-adherence is more frequent than intentional non-adherence. Cross-contamination of gluten-free products with gluten is a major cause of inadvertent non-adherence, while the limited availability, high costs, and poor quality of certified gluten-free products are responsible for intentionally breaking a GFD. Therefore, several studies in the last decade have indicated that many patients with CD who follow a GFD still have difficulty controlling their diet and, therefore, regularly consume enough gluten to trigger symptoms and damage the small intestine.

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Healthcare providers perception of therapeutic patient education efficacy according to patient and healthcare provider characteristics

Chronic Illness ◽

10.1177/17423953211058411 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174239532110584

Author(s):

Deborah Loyal ◽

Laetitia Ricci ◽

Julie Villegente ◽

Carole Ayav ◽

Joelle Kivits ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Patient Education ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Medical Knowledge ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Therapeutic Patient Education ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Provider Characteristics ◽

The Individual

Objectives Therapeutic patient education improves numerous health and psychological outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. However, little is known about what makes a therapeutic patient education intervention more effective than another one. This study aims to identify in healthcare professionals the perceived determinants of therapeutic patient education efficacy at the individual level. Methods Semi-structured individual interviews have been conducted with healthcare professionals (HCP, n=28, including 20 nurses) involved in therapeutic patient education programs ( n=14) covering various chronic conditions (kidney and cardiovascular diseases, chronic pain, diabetes, etc.). A thematic content analysis following an inductive approach was used (Nvivo.11 software). Results Five themes were retrieved for patient characteristics: understanding and education, personality, readiness and motivation, social environment, and misinformation and beliefs. Four themes were retrieved for healthcare professionals’ characteristics: medical knowledge, appropriate attitude and relational skills, pedagogical skills, and training. Discussion Patient personality is rarely discussed in the literature. Patients who are introverted, lack curiosity, or are not compliant might benefit from specific therapeutic patient education practices or formats. All these potential determinants regarding patients and healthcare professionals should be routinely assessed in future studies about therapeutic patient education efficacy to understand precisely what makes an intervention successful.

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