scholarly journals An investigation of green space in a developing country city: The feasibility of creating a network of such spaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hari Iswoyo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Biodiversity Assessment ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Stepping Stones

<p>In developing countries a big issue for urban development is the growth in infrastructure in response to economic and population demands. Such development causes cities to expand and occupy the suburbs, turning them into more built up areas. The impacts of such urban growth are immediately observable in the reduction of green areas and environmental quality, and diminishing contact with the natural environment. This study will focus on green spaces in a city in a developing country to consider the effect of this urbanization. In response to urban growth in developed countries attempts have been made to link together green spaces into a form of networks. These networks are intended to conserve the function of natural areas in towns and cities while still accommodating development. The greenway or green network and ecological network are two successful approaches developed in America and Europe. This study assesses the green spaces in Makassar, an Indonesia city, to see possibility of implementing such concepts. The study begins by redefining spaces into a typology, then assessing the spaces through three stages. The first stage is biodiversity assessment. The Rapid Biodiversity Assessment, adapted from a study in the UK, is used to assess plant biodiversity as an indicator of the quality of green spaces in urban areas. This method was adjusted and simplified to reflect the limitation in resources and time. The second stage was assessment of spaces based on a target species, in this case urban birds. The third stage combines the biodiversity score with consideration of space size and ownership. This stage produced different classes of spaces. These stages produced three different maps which were then overlaid to find the best quality green spaces termed ‘the most preferred spaces’. The next step was to see whether these spaces could be linked up in a network and to determine what sort of network could be achieved. In this part of the analysis spaces are grouped into main patches and scattered small patches, termed stepping stones. With this approach the potential connectivity can be observed visually. This study also acknowledged the significance of areas of ecological quality outside the main city but within the greater urban region and proposed connection of the network of spaces outward towards two natural parks, which could be considered as the main ecological patches. Having assessed the two main elements of a green space network—patches and corridors—through visual observation of the maps generated by the fieldwork, this study concludes that currently an ecological network is not feasible for the city because of the condition of the green spaces that make up the patches and corridors. Even a greenway along the main river corridor is not currently feasible because the highly valuable natural remnants have been significantly fragmented by cultural activities. Similarly, the road corridors are also not currently in a promising condition. The thesis ends with recommendations for the improvement of these.</p>

scholarly journals An investigation of green space in a developing country city: The feasibility of creating a network of such spaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hari Iswoyo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Biodiversity Assessment ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Stepping Stones

<p>In developing countries a big issue for urban development is the growth in infrastructure in response to economic and population demands. Such development causes cities to expand and occupy the suburbs, turning them into more built up areas. The impacts of such urban growth are immediately observable in the reduction of green areas and environmental quality, and diminishing contact with the natural environment. This study will focus on green spaces in a city in a developing country to consider the effect of this urbanization. In response to urban growth in developed countries attempts have been made to link together green spaces into a form of networks. These networks are intended to conserve the function of natural areas in towns and cities while still accommodating development. The greenway or green network and ecological network are two successful approaches developed in America and Europe. This study assesses the green spaces in Makassar, an Indonesia city, to see possibility of implementing such concepts. The study begins by redefining spaces into a typology, then assessing the spaces through three stages. The first stage is biodiversity assessment. The Rapid Biodiversity Assessment, adapted from a study in the UK, is used to assess plant biodiversity as an indicator of the quality of green spaces in urban areas. This method was adjusted and simplified to reflect the limitation in resources and time. The second stage was assessment of spaces based on a target species, in this case urban birds. The third stage combines the biodiversity score with consideration of space size and ownership. This stage produced different classes of spaces. These stages produced three different maps which were then overlaid to find the best quality green spaces termed ‘the most preferred spaces’. The next step was to see whether these spaces could be linked up in a network and to determine what sort of network could be achieved. In this part of the analysis spaces are grouped into main patches and scattered small patches, termed stepping stones. With this approach the potential connectivity can be observed visually. This study also acknowledged the significance of areas of ecological quality outside the main city but within the greater urban region and proposed connection of the network of spaces outward towards two natural parks, which could be considered as the main ecological patches. Having assessed the two main elements of a green space network—patches and corridors—through visual observation of the maps generated by the fieldwork, this study concludes that currently an ecological network is not feasible for the city because of the condition of the green spaces that make up the patches and corridors. Even a greenway along the main river corridor is not currently feasible because the highly valuable natural remnants have been significantly fragmented by cultural activities. Similarly, the road corridors are also not currently in a promising condition. The thesis ends with recommendations for the improvement of these.</p>

scholarly journals Developing Green Infrastructure for Baghdad City

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeel Kamal AbdulRazzaq ◽  
Mayasa Farkad Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmental System ◽  
The Public

The public green spaces in Baghdad city have an obvious shortage and doesn’t fulfill and meet the needs of the population and the required open space criteria, moreover these green spaces are disjointed, disconnected and does not function as a unified system, that is why it suffers from neglect which contributes to deterioration of the city’s environment and increasing air pollution.     Human beings depended on nature into providing clean air and good health, with the growth of the population and the urban areas, there has been negative influence on the natural environmental system. A new term lately appeared “Green Infrastructure”especially in the developed countries (USA, UK and other countries in Europe), as one form of solutions to conserve the natural environmental system of green and open spaces. Consequently this thesis depended on this new green space approach to solve the green spaces problem in Baghdad city and suggested new sites in different locations in the city to be a new green spaces connected to the existing green spaces in Baghdad. This will increase the public green space areas, accessibility to these areas and social cohesion, it will also contribute to the improvement of the city’s environment by reducing air pollution and reducing air temperature especially during the long summer season. Other economic benefits could be achieved by planning for a connected network of green spaces in Baghdad city as well.

scholarly journals Developing Green Infrastructure for Baghdad City

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeel Kamal AbdulRazzaq ◽  
Mayasa Farkad Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmental System ◽  
The Public

The public green spaces in Baghdad city have an obvious shortage and doesn’t fulfill and meet the needs of the population and the required open space criteria, moreover these green spaces are disjointed, disconnected and does not function as a unified system, that is why it suffers from neglect which contributes to deterioration of the city’s environment and increasing air pollution.     Human beings depended on nature into providing clean air and good health, with the growth of the population and the urban areas, there has been negative influence on the natural environmental system. A new term lately appeared “Green Infrastructure”especially in the developed countries (USA, UK and other countries in Europe), as one form of solutions to conserve the natural environmental system of green and open spaces. Consequently this thesis depended on this new green space approach to solve the green spaces problem in Baghdad city and suggested new sites in different locations in the city to be a new green spaces connected to the existing green spaces in Baghdad. This will increase the public green space areas, accessibility to these areas and social cohesion, it will also contribute to the improvement of the city’s environment by reducing air pollution and reducing air temperature especially during the long summer season. Other economic benefits could be achieved by planning for a connected network of green spaces in Baghdad city as well.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Equity and Regional Management of Some Urban Green Space Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Main Urban Area of Xi’an City

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Hui Dang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yumeng Zhang ◽  
Zixiang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Xi’An City

Urban green spaces can provide many types of ecosystem services for residents. An imbalance in the pattern of green spaces leads to an inequality of the benefits of such spaces. Given the current situation of environmental problems and the basic geographical conditions of Xi’an City, this study evaluated and mapped four kinds of ecosystem services from the perspective of equity: biodiversity, carbon sequestration, air purification, and climate regulation. Regionalization with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP) was used to obtain the partition groups of ecosystem services. The results indicate that first, the complexity of the urban green space community is low, and the level of biodiversity needs to be improved. The dry deposition flux of particulate matter (PM2.5) decreases from north to south, and green spaces enhance the adsorption of PM2.5. Carbon sequestration in the south and east is higher than that in the north and west, respectively. The average surface temperature in green spaces is lower than that in other urban areas. Second, urban green space resources in the study area are unevenly distributed. Therefore, ecosystem services in different areas are inequitable. Finally, based on the regionalization of integrated ecosystem services, an ecosystem services cluster was developed. This included 913 grid spaces, 12 partitions, and 5 clusters, which can provide a reference for distinct levels of ecosystem services management. This can assist urban managers who can use these indicators of ecosystem service levels for planning and guiding the overall development pattern of green spaces. The benefits would be a maximization of the ecological functions of green spaces, an improvement of the sustainable development of the city, and an improvement of people’s well-being.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Differences in Walking Time of Children and Adolescents to Public Green Spaces in Urban Areas—Results of the German Environmental Survey (2014–2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2326
Author(s):  
Julia Rehling ◽  
Christiane Bunge ◽  
Julia Waldhauer ◽  
André Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Environmental Survey ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Public Green Space ◽  
Walking Time

Public green spaces have a high potential for a positive impact on people’s health and wellbeing, especially in urban areas. Studies on environmental justice indicate socially unequal access possibilities to urban green spaces. This article presents results on associations between individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and walking time from home to public green spaces in young people living in urban areas with more than 20,000 inhabitants in Germany. Data were derived from the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V), the environmental module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2). The sample comprises 1149 participants aged 3 to 17 years. A total of 51.5% of the participants reach a public green space on foot within five and 72.8% within ten minutes from home. The lower the participant’s SEP, the longer the walking time. Logistic regression models controlling for age group, sex, migration background, and region of residence show that participants with a low SEP have a significantly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.31–2.99) of needing more than ten minutes to walk from home to a public green space than participants with a high SEP. GerES V data indicate that young people living in urban areas in Germany do not equally benefit from the health-promoting potential of green spaces, which is an important aspect of environmental health inequalities.

scholarly journals Green Spaces in Residential Areas of Dar es Salaam City: Types, Coverage and Uses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Nicholaus Mwageni ◽  
Robert Kiunsi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
The City

Green spaces in urban areas including in Dar es Salaam City provide multiple ecological, social and economic benefits. Despite their benefits they are inadequately documented in terms types, coverage and uses. This paper attempts to provide information on types, coverage and uses of green space in Dar es Salaam City. A number of methods including literature review, interpretation of remotely sensed image, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document city greenery. The research findings show that residential greenery is made up of greenery found within and external to plots. The dominant green spaces external to residential plots were natural and semi natural vegetation while within plots were woody plants, plots farms vegetable and ornamental gardens. Distribution of greenery varied among the wards due to differences in building density and distance from the city centre. Natural and semi natural vegetation increased with decrease of building density and increase of distance from the city centre, while the number of plots with trees for shade increased with increase of building density. Only Kawe ward that had greenery above Tanzania space planning standards, the other three wards which are informal settlements had green space deficit. Three quarters of the households use green spaces for shade provision and cooling, two thirds as a source of food products and a quarter for recreation and aesthetic purposes. The study reveals that Dar es Salaam City residents invest predominantly on shade trees in their residential plots compared to other green space types.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Parks and Their Driving Forces in Xi'an, China from 1949 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Xuhui Wang ◽  
Kewei Liu ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Jian Gong ◽  
Yanjun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Average Size

Urban parks play a key role in recreational activities, public health, and ecosystem services in urban areas. Using GIS and Fragstats, this study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban parks in Xi'an, China from 1949 to 2015 and the corresponding driving forces. The results show that the number and area of parks in Xi'an increased constantly during this period, especially from 2000 to 2015. Up to 2015, small green spaces, usually adjacent to streets, occupied the largest proportion among all types of parks. Archaeological parks were the largest in total area, but wetland parks were leading in average size of a single park. The density of parks was negatively correlated with their distance to the Clock Tower at the center of Xi'an. The dynamics of urban parks in highly urbanized areas were significantly different from that of their counterparts in suburban areas. Driving forces such as urban planning, urbanization and green space policies, and milestone events in the city's development jointly had a great effect on the distribution of parks in Xi'an. The research outcomes will support the upcoming Green Space Planning of Xi'an and benefit the pursuit of sustainability and human wellbeing.

scholarly journals Optimization of Green Space Planning to Improve Ecosystem Services Efficiency: The Case of Chongqing Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8441
Author(s):  
Shuiyu Yan ◽  
Jun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Buffer Analysis ◽  
Gis Software

This paper applied landscape indexes to evaluate the size, form, and structure of green spaces in the mountainous city of Chongqing and found that green spaces benefit from certain advantages in size, but the network suffered from low heterogeneity and limited interconnectivity. To ensure the integrity and continuity of ecological processes and improve the efficiency of ecosystem services (ES), the authors used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to conduct adaptability evaluation and adjacent buffer analysis for the existing green spaces, wetlands, rivers, and other landscapes with relatively high capacity for ES. We designed a comprehensive map of potential areas for UGS expansion by superimposing the maps obtained from adaptability evaluation and buffer analysis. We also proposed some strategies that respect, consider, and evaluate aspects and special features of urban environment to optimize green space planning and improve ES efficiency, such as protection of important areas, development of green corridors, and careful consideration of ecological processes and complex functions in urban areas. Based on these strategies, the paper put forth suggestions for green space planning to improve ES efficiency that can function as foundation for subsequent green space planning.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESESUAIAN TATA GUNA LAHAN RUANG HIJAU PERMUKIMAN DAN KECENDERUNGAN MASYARAKAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dienny Redha Rahmani ◽  
Rosalina Kumalawati ◽  
Wahyunah Wahyunah
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Important Concern

Ruang hijau pada dasarnya telah menjadi perhatian penting dalam menyusunan lahan di negara maju dan telah mendapat perhatian di negara berkembang salah satunya Indonesia. Hal ini tercermin dari telah disusunnya berbagai kebijakan terkait penyediaan hingga penataan ruang hijau baik tingkat komunal maupun pribadi. Sehingga perlu dianalisa kesesuaian kondisi aktual lingkungan ruang hijau permukiman baik komunal maupun privat pada aturan yang berlaku. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan pengamatan vegetasi permukiman (komunal dan pribadi) pada permukiman komplek perumahan dengan pedoman utama kebijakan pemerintah yaitu Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No. 5 Tahun 2008 tentang Ruang Terbuka Hijau dengan didampingi oleh peraturan, perudang-udangan dan kebijakan terkait lain yang berlaku. Data yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa 80% masyarakat komplek/perumahan telah memiliki pekarangan yang sesuai dengan aturan yan berlaku. Kecenderungan untuk mimiliki pekarangan dengan kebaradaan vegetasi perdu dan tumbuhan bahwah terdapat pada 13,3% masyarakat. Hanya 6,6% pekarangan yang masih belum sesuai. Sehingga, dapat terlihat bahwa kondisi aktual ruang hijau permukiman dan kecenderungan masyarakat sebagian besar telah taat dan memahami pentingnya Ruang Hijau permukiman sesuai peraturan yang berlaku. Kata kunci :     Pekarangan, Peraturan pemerintah, Ruang hijau permukiman, Tata guna lahan. Green space has basically become an important concern in the preparation of land in developed countries and has received attention in developing countries, including Indonesia. This is reflected in the formulation of various policies related to the provision of communal and private green spaces. So that it is necessary to analyze the suitability of the actual conditions of the environment of green spaces of both communal and private settlements in the applicable rules. Data were obtained using questionnaires and observations of residential (communal and private) vegetation in residential area with the main guidelines of government policy, namely the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 5 of 2008 concerning Green Open Space accompanied by regulations, barriers and other relevant policies. The data obtained shows that 80% of the residential community already has a yard that is in accordance with the regulation. Only 6.6% of the yard is still not suitable. Thus, it can be seen that the actual conditions of the residential green space and the tendency of the majority of the community have obeyed and understood the importance of the Green Living settlement according to the applicable regulations. Keywords: Government Regulation, Land Use, Residential Green Space, Yard.

scholarly journals The Need of Green Open Spaces as the Effect of Urban Waterfront Development in Sungai Bilu, a Stream Corridor Neighbourhood in Banjarmasin

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 03015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanny Maria Caesarina ◽  
Nadia Humaida ◽  
Muhammad Faiz Amali ◽  
Muhammad Wira Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Waterfront Development ◽  
Post Evaluation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
River City ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Urban Waterfront

Banjarmasin which is known as “the thousands river city” has avery close relationship with the waterfront. However, the pressure toupgrade the quality and quantity of urban areas has urged the localgovernment to do some new projects by sacrificing some natural cityelements. This has transformed Banjarmasin’s urban waterfront and riversin many ways. This study conducted to know the effect of urban waterfrontdevelopment in forming the green space in a stream corridorneighbourhood. For this purpose, green neighbourhood elements have beenused to indicate: how the waterfront development has affected theneighbourhood; the respond of local residents of the urban waterfrontdevelopment; and as the result is the urgent need of green spaces in theneighbourhood of stream corridors. The contents of these indicators areillustrated by analysing a stream corridor neighbourhood in Banjarmasincalled Sungai Bilu. This article was based on post evaluation andunderlying ideas of how the urban waterfront transformation has affectedthe need of public green open spaces in the neighbourhoods.

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