scholarly journals Impact of noncommunicable diseases on direct medical costs and worker productivity, Saudi Arabia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse D. Malkin ◽  
Eric A. Finkelstein ◽  
Drishti Baid ◽  
Ada Alqunaibet ◽  
Sami Almudarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Workforce Productivity

Background: The prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has been increasing in Saudi Arabia. Aim: Our objective was to estimate the effect of NCDs on direct medical costs and workforce productivity in Saudi Arabia. Methods: To estimate direct medical costs, we estimated the unit cost of treating 10 NCDs, then multiplied the unit cost by disease prevalence and summed across diseases. To estimate workforce productivity losses, we multiplied gross domestic product per person in the labour force by the loss in productivity from each NCD and the prevalence in the labour force of each NCD. Results: We estimated annual direct medical costs of 11.8 billion international dollars (Int$) for the 10 NCDs assessed (13.6% of total annual health expenditure). We estimated workforce productivity losses of Int$ 75.7 billion (4.5% of gross domestic product). Conclusion: The economic burden of NCDs in Saudi Arabia – particularly the effect on worker productivity – is substantial.

scholarly journals What If the Influenza Vaccine Did Not Offer Such Variable Protection?

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M Bartsch ◽  
Elizabeth A Mitgang ◽  
Gail Geller ◽  
Sarah N Cox ◽  
Kelly J O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The protection that an influenza vaccine offers can vary significantly from person to person due to differences in immune systems, body types, and other factors. The question, then, is what is the value of efforts to reduce this variability such as making vaccines more personalized and tailored to individuals. Methods We developed a compartment model of the United States to simulate different influenza seasons and the impact of reducing the variability in responses to the influenza vaccine across the population. Results Going from a vaccine that varied in efficacy (0–30%) to one that had a uniform 30% efficacy for everyone averted 16.0–31.2 million cases, $1.9–$3.6 billion in direct medical costs, and $16.1–$42.7 billion in productivity losses. Going from 0–50% in efficacy to just 50% for everyone averted 27.7–38.6 million cases, $3.3–$4.6 billion in direct medical costs, and $28.8–$57.4 billion in productivity losses. Going from 0–70% to 70% averted 33.6–54.1 million cases, $4.0–$6.5 billion in direct medical costs, and $44.8–$64.7 billion in productivity losses. Conclusions This study quantifies for policy makers, funders, and vaccine developers and manufacturers the potential impact of efforts to reduce variability in the protection that influenza vaccines offer (eg, developing vaccines that are more personalized to different individual factors).

scholarly journals The Clinical and Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. 1910-1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M Bartsch ◽  
Kelly J O’Shea ◽  
Bruce Y Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Work ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Incidence Estimate ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis

Abstract Background Although norovirus outbreaks periodically make headlines, it is unclear how much attention norovirus may receive otherwise. A better understanding of the burden could help determine how to prioritize norovirus prevention and control. Methods We developed a computational simulation model to quantify the clinical and economic burden of norovirus in the United States. Results A symptomatic case generated $48 in direct medical costs, $416 in productivity losses ($464 total). The median yearly cost of outbreaks was $7.6 million (range across years, $7.5–$8.2 million) in direct medical costs, and $165.3 million ($161.1–$176.4 million) in productivity losses ($173.5 million total). Sporadic illnesses in the community (incidence, 10–150/1000 population) resulted in 14 118–211 705 hospitalizations, 8.2–122.9 million missed school/work days, $0.2–$2.3 billion in direct medical costs, and $1.4–$20.7 billion in productivity losses ($1.5–$23.1 billion total). The total cost was $10.6 billion based on the current incidence estimate (68.9/1000). Conclusion Our study quantified norovirus’ burden. Of the total burden, sporadic cases constituted >90% (thus, annual burden may vary depending on incidence) and productivity losses represented 89%. More than half the economic burden is in adults ≥45, more than half occurs in winter months, and >90% of outbreak costs are due to person-to-person transmission, offering insights into where and when prevention/control efforts may yield returns.

scholarly journals Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas Khan ◽  
Yazed AlRuthia ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Sultan Alghadeer ◽  
Mohamad-Hani Temsah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
General Medical Ward ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Hospitalization Costs

Objectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) between 1 March and 29 May 2020. Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses and multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression were conducted to assess the survival of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from hospital admission to discharge (censored) or death. Micro-costing was used to estimate the direct medical costs associated with hospitalization per patient. Results: The number of included patients with complete status (discharge or death) was 1422. The overall 14-day survival was 0.699 (95%CI: 0.652–0.741). Older adults (>70 years) (HR = 5.00, 95%CI = 2.83–8.91), patients on MVs (5.39, 3.83–7.64), non-Saudi patients (1.37, 1.01–1.89), and ICU admission (2.09, 1.49–2.93) were associated with a high risk of mortality. The mean cost per patient (in SAR) for those admitted to the general Medical Ward (GMW) and ICU was 42,704.49 ± 29,811.25 and 79,418.30 ± 55,647.69, respectively. Conclusion: The high hospitalization costs for COVID-19 patients represents a significant public health challenge. Efficient allocation of healthcare resources cannot be emphasized enough.

scholarly journals Productivity losses associated with premature mortality due to cancer in Russia: A population-wide study covering 2001–2030

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Barchuk ◽  
Alexander Bespalov ◽  
Heini Huhtala ◽  
Tuvshinjargal Chimed ◽  
Alexey Belyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Productivity Losses

Aims: Productivity losses related to premature cancer mortality have been assessed for most developed countries but results for Russia are limited to cross-sectional reports. The aim of this study was to quantify productivity costs due to cancer mortality in Russia between 2001 and 2015 and project this to 2030. Methods: Cancer mortality data (2001–2015) were acquired from the State Cancer Registry, whereas population data, labour force participation rates and annual earnings were retrieved from the Federal State Statistics Service. Cancer mortality was projected to 2030 and the human capital approach was applied to estimate productivity losses. Results: The total annual losses increased from US6.5b in 2001–2005 to US$8.1b in 2011–2015, corresponding to 0.24% of the annual gross domestic product. The value is expected to remain high in 2030 (US$7.5b, 0.14% of gross domestic product). Productivity losses per cancer death are predicted to grow faster in women (from US$18,622 to US$22,386) than in men (from US$25,064 to US$28,459). Total losses were found to be highest for breast cancer in women (US$0.6b, 20% of overall losses in women) and lung cancer in men (US$1.2b, 24%). The absolute predicted change of annual losses between 2011–2015 and 2026–2030 was greatest for cervix uteri (+US$214m) in women and for lip, oral and pharyngeal cancers in men (+US$182m). Conclusions: In Russia, productivity losses due to premature cancer mortality are substantial. Given the expected importance especially for potentially preventable cancers, steps to implement effective evidence-based national cancer control policies are urgently required.

scholarly journals PDB45 Direct Medical Costs of Diabetes-Related Complications in Saudi Arabia

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. A178 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hnoosh ◽  
G. Vega-Hernández ◽  
A. Jugrin ◽  
L. Todorova
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Treatment for Severe Eosinophilic Asthma in Adults: Mepolizumab and Omalizumab

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Alexander Tolkushin ◽  
Nalalya Pogudina ◽  
Dmitry Ivanov ◽  
Irina Demko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Eosinophilic Asthma ◽  
Severe Eosinophilic Asthma ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis

Objective: Based on the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to determine economic and clinical consequences of using mepolizumab instead of omalizumab in adults with severe eosinophilic asthma, when omalizumab is administered once every 2 weeks or mepolizumab is administered once every 4 weeks. Methods: Effectiveness and safety analysis was conducted based on the published network meta-analysis, because head-to-head clinical trials of omalizumab versus mepolizumab were not identified during targeted scientific literature search. Direct medical costs were calculated using information from the register of manufacturers` maximum selling prices for vital and essential drugs (VED), instructions for medical use, the unit cost of healthcare services. Results: Effectiveness and safety of the compared drugs were determined based on the results of the network meta-analysis. Frequency of clinically significant asthma exacerbations (risk ratio = 0,19; 95% CI: 0,02–2,32) and withdrawals due to adverse events (risk ratio = 0,05; 95% CI: 0,002–0,95). Therefore, despite the tendency to mepolisumab benefits, it was concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in the effectiveness and safety of the compared drugs due to the insufficient statistical power of the result. Direct medical costs were 870130 rubles and 1852063 rubles for mepolizumab and omalizumab respectively. Saving of direct medical costs for mepolizumab treatment was 959170 rubles per patient per year or 52%. Conclusion: treatment with mepolizumab versus omalizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, when omalizumab is administered once every 2 weeks or mepolizumab is administered once every 4 weeks, leads to saving of direct medical costs for drug treatment.

scholarly journals Economic impact of diabetic foot ulcers on healthcare in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-435
Author(s):  
Shadi Alshammary ◽  
Sharifah A. Othman ◽  
Eiman Alshammari ◽  
Mosab A. Alarfaj ◽  
Haitham Amer Lardhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The University

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a critical complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) affecting life quality and significantly impacting healthcare resources. OBJECTIVE: Determine the direct medical costs associated with treating DFU in King Fahad Hospital of the University and identify factors that could assist in developing resource management guidelines in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: SETTING: King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included diabetic patients admitted with foot ulcerations between 2007 and 2017 inclusive. We determined management costs including drug usage, wound dressings, surgical procedures, admissions, and basic investigation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Factors affecting the direct perspective medical costs of managing DFU. SAMPLE SIZE: 99 patients. RESULTS: The overall cost of managing 99 patients with DFU was 6 618 043.3 SAR ($1 764 632.68 USD), which further translates to approximately 6684.9 SAR per patient/year ($1782.6 USD). The highest cost incurred was for admission expenditure (45.6%), followed by debridement (14.5%) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (10.4%). CONCLUSION: The overall healthcare expenditure in treating DFU is high, with hospital admissions and surgical procedures adding a significant increase to the total cost. Focused patient education on overall glycemic control and prevention of DFU may decrease complications and hence, the overall cost. LIMITATIONS: Identified only the direct medical costs of DFU as the indirect costs were subjective and more difficult to quantify. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

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