Avaliação da qualidade da água em aquífero raso em Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Diversas formas de uso e ocupação em áreas urbanas tem ocasionado impactos ambientais negativos em diferentes escalas, sendo um deles a degradação dos recursos hídricos, que tem suscitado novas discussões sobre mecanismos de alteração da água subterrânea rasa. A proposição de estratégias metodológicas eficientes a partir da identificação e dimensionamento de características hidroquímicas da água em determinado espaço geográfico, consiste em desafio oportuno a colaborar para a conservação e uso adequado. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar a qualidade da água no aquífero raso em área urbana Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, correlacionando com a influência de estruturas urbanas nessa dinâmica. Foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de água de 15 poços, além de dados potenciométricos, a fim de correlacionar fatores como: qualidade da água, tipo de uso por parte da população, influência do cemitério, e hidrodinâmica subsuperficial. Tais poços foram previamente espacializados, seguido da coleta e armazenamento das amostras, análise em laboratório, e interpretação a partir das diferentes variáveis que compuseram o quadro síntese para análise simplificada. Em adição, foi elaborado mapa potenciométrico a partir dos níveis freáticos encontrados, permitindo compilar os parâmetros elencados. Os resultados sugerem que o lençol freático é consideravelmente raso na área estudada, tornando os recursos hídricos mais vulneráveis. Por se tratar de uma área de múltiplos usos, como residencial, agrícola, comercial, além da presença de um cemitério, acaba por expor a região a maiores riscos de contaminação. Destaca-se que, conforme verificado em trabalho de campo, a região possui potenciais agentes poluidores, levando a um maior número de substâncias contaminantes que podem ser liberadas neste ambiente. Adicionalmente, constatou-se alteração dos padrões biológicos, físicos e químicos, com contaminações acima do valor máximo permitido em lei para os seguintes elementos: Fe, Al, Pb, Mn e P, além da presença de Escherichia coli (E. Coli). Assessment of water quality in a shallow aquifer in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil A B S T R A C TVarious forms of use and occupation in urban areas have caused negative environmental impacts at different scales, one of them being the degradation of water resources, which has given rise to new discussions on mechanisms for altering shallow groundwater. The proposition of efficient methodological strategies based on the identification and dimensioning of the hydrochemical characteristics of water in a given geographic space is an opportune challenge to collaborate for the conservation and proper use. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the water quality in the shallow aquifer in urban area Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, correlating with the influence of urban structures in this dynamic. Water from 15 wells were collected and analyzed, in addition to potentiometric data, in order to correlate factors such as: water quality, type of use by the population, influence of the cemetery, and subsurface hydrodynamics. Such wells were previously spatialized, followed by collection and storage of aggregates, laboratory analysis, and interpretation based on the different variables that made up the synthetic framework for simplified analysis. In addition, a potentiometric map was drawn up from the groundwater levels found, allowing for the compilation of the listed parameters. The results obtained that the water table is considerably shallow in the studied area, making water resources more vulnerable. As it is an area with multiple uses, such as residential, agricultural, commercial, in addition to the presence of a cemetery, it ends up exposing the region to greater risks of contamination. It is noteworthy that, as verified in field work, the region has potential polluting agents, leading to a greater number of contaminants that can be released into this environment. Additionally, there was a change in biological, physical and chemical standards, with contamination above the maximum value allowed by law for the following elements: Fe, Al, Pb, Mn and P, in addition to the presence of Escherichia coli (E. Coli).Keywords: Hydrochemistry; Hydrodynamic; Shallow Aquifer; Contamination.

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Evaluation of on-site wastewater system Escherichia coli contributions to shallow groundwater in coastal North Carolina

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2011.310 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 789-795 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

C. P. Humphrey ◽

M. A. O’Driscoll ◽

M. A. Zarate

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

North Carolina ◽

Water Table ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Separation Distance ◽

Septic Tank ◽

Shallow Water Table ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

E Coli

The study goal was to determine if on-site wastewater systems (OSWWS) installed in coastal areas were effective at reducing indicator bacteria densities before discharge to groundwater. Groundwater Escherichia coli (E. coli) densities and groundwater levels adjacent to 16 OSWWS in three different soil groups (sand, sandy loam, and sandy clay loam) were monitored and compared to background groundwater conditions on four occasions between March 2007 and February 2008 in coastal North Carolina. Groundwater beneath OSWWS had significantly (p≤0.05) lower densities of E. coli than septic tank effluent, but significantly higher densities of E. coli than background conditions for each soil type. Twenty three percent of all groundwater samples near OSWWS had E. coli densities that exceeded the EPA freshwater contact standards (single sample 235 cfu/100 mL) for surface waters. Groundwater E. coli densities near OSWWS were highest during shallow water table periods. The results indicate that increasing the required vertical separation distance from drainfield trenches to seasonal high water table could improve shallow groundwater quality.

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Enterobactérias associadas a adultos de Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1754) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) no Jardim Zoológico, Rio de Janeiro

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352006000400017 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 556-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V.C. Oliveira ◽

J.M. D’Almeida ◽

I.V. Abalem de Sá ◽

J.R. Mandarino ◽

C.A. Solari

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Musca Domestica ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Pseudomonas Sp ◽

Chrysomya Megacephala ◽

E Coli

Enterobactérias foram identificadas em adultos de Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1754) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Ambas as espécies foram capturadas no Jardim Zoológico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e tiveram a superfície externa do corpo lavada e o sistema digestivo dissecado, para análise bacteriológica. Identificaram-se Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, Morganella sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp. e Salmonella Agona. P. mirabilis foi o isolado bacteriano mais freqüente. Em duas amostragens (8%) de C. megacephala, isolou-se Salmonella Agona. As amostras de E. coli não foram enteropatogênicas. M. domestica e C. megacephala são potenciais veiculadoras de bactérias causadoras de enterites em humanos e animais.

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CARACTERIZAÇÃO MOLECULAR DE AMOSTRAS DE ESCHERICHIA COLI CARREADORAS DOS GENES STX ISOLADAS DE BOVINOS DE REGIÕES AGROPECUÁRIAS BRASILEIRAS: PARTE II

10.53268/bkf21091507 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 88-103

Author(s):

Cristiane Mara Silva da Costa ◽

Adriana Hamond Regua Mangia ◽

Alice Gonçalves Martins Gonzalez ◽

Bruno Gomes de Castro ◽

Denis Yukio Otaka

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

E Coli

Escherichia coli produtora da toxina Shiga (STEC) é um microrganismo agente de infecções de amplo espectro clínico incluindo desde quadros assintomáticos, casos diarreicos leves até doenças extra intestinais graves caracterizadas por anemia hemolítica microangiopática, trombocitopenia e insuficiência renal aguda. Além da produção de shigatoxinas, a expressão de intimina e a produção de enterohemolisinas são atributos de virulência também descritos no grupo patogênico. Ruminantes, especialmente bovinos, são reconhecidos como o principal reservatório das STEC e o manejo inadequado desses animais pode representar um risco de contágio e de disseminação desses patógenos. O estudo incluiu 301 isolados de E. coli obtidos de amostras fecais de bovinos, com e sem diarreia, de regiões agropecuárias brasileiras no Rio de Janeiro e em Rondônia. As amostras bacterianas foram caracterizadas quanto ao polimorfismo genético e a presença de marcadores genéticos codificadores de virulência e dos grupos antigênicos associados ao patotipo. Ensaios moleculares revelaram que 55,5% (167/301) das amostras de E. coli foram carreadoras do gene stx, 36,2% (109/301) e 21,3% (64/301) dos genes eae+ e ehxA+, respectivamente. Dentre as STEC, 24 foram isoladas do Rio de Janeiro (14,4%, 24/167) e 143 de Rondônia (85,6%, 143/167). 13 genótipos de virulência foram observados: stx1 /stx2 /eae/ehxA, stx1 /stx2 /eae, stx1 /stx2 /ehxA, stx1 /stx2 , stx1 / eae/ehxA, stx1 /ehxA, stx1 , stx2 /eae/ehxA, stx2 /eae, stx2 /ehxA, stx2 , eae/ehxA e ehxA). 3,6% (6/167) e 93,4% (156/167) das STEC foram carreadoras dos genes rfbO113 e rfbO157+, respectivamente, sendo 64,1% desses rfbO157+h7+ (100/156). A tipagem da região LEE revelou os subtipos eaeα (3/109), eaeβ (6/109), eaeγ (4/109), tirα (2/109), tirβ (3/109), tirγ (3/109), espAα (3/109), espAβ (0/109), espAγ (0/109), espBα (1/109), espBβ (9/109) e espBγ (0/109). A filogrupagem classificou as STEC nos grupos A (44,9%), B1 (47,3%), D (6,6%) e B2 (1,2%). A tipagem pelo RAPD- revelou uma ampla diversidade genética entre as STEC indicando constituir uma população bacteriana de origem não clonal. A elevada prevalência de STEC em bovinos clinicamente sadios confirma o seu papel como importantes reservatórios ambientais. A ampla circulação desses patógenos em animais de propriedades rurais, em especial, aquelas cujas condições de infraestrutura e boas práticas de manejo são insatisfatórias, representa um sério risco ambiental de concentração desses microrganismos, propiciando a exposição e a ocorrência de doenças e das demais manifestações clínicas relacionadas ao patógeno. O estudo é dividido em duas partes, sendo que o primeiro capítulo apresenta os aspectos introdutórios e metodológicos e por meio do segundo são mostrados os resultados, discussão e conclusões.

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Evidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coli

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0533 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 171-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

M. N Byappanahalli ◽

R. S. Fujioka

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

Tropical Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Minimal Amount ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Faecal Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Faecal Bacteria

Concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality standards. When these bacteria are used as indices of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we have previously reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these faecal indicators are consistently found at high concentrations in all streams and the source of these faecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these faecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temperature (23–25°C). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil extract agar, (2) populations of faecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by about three logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) faecal coliforms and E. coli increased by two logs within 24 h when a minimal amount of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of faecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that faecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.

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Non-point source pollution: Determination of replication versus persistence of Escherichia coli in surface water and sediments with correlation of levels to readily measurable environmental parameters

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2004.0010 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 103-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Julie Kinzelman ◽

Sandra L. McLellan ◽

Annette D. Daniels ◽

Susan Cashin ◽

Ajaib Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

Point Source ◽

Wave Height ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Lake Michigan ◽

Recreational Water ◽

Point Source Pollution ◽

E Coli ◽

Non Point Source Pollution

Racine, Wisconsin, located on Lake Michigan, experiences frequent recreational water quality advisories in the absence of any identifiable point source of pollution. This research examines the environmental distribution of Escherichia coli in conjunction with the assessment of additional parameters (rainfall, turbidity, wave height, wind direction, wind speed and algal presence) in order to determine the most probable factors that influence E. coli levels in surface waters. Densities of E. coli were highest in core samples taken from foreshore sands, often exceeding an order of magnitude greater than those collected from submerged sands and water. Simple regression and multivariate analyses conducted on supplementary environmental data indicate that the previous day's E. coli concentration in conjunction with wave height is significantly predictive for present-time E. coli concentration. Genetic fingerprinting using repetitive element anchored PCR and cellular fatty acid analysis were employed to assess the presence of clonal isolates which indicate replication from a common parent cell. There were relatively few occurrences of clonal patterns in isolates collected from water, foreshore and submerged sands, suggesting that accumulation of E. coli, rather than environmental replication, was occurring in this system. Non-point source pollution, namely transport of accumulated E. coli from foreshore sands to surface waters via wave action, was found to be a major contributor to poor recreational water quality at the Lake Michigan beaches involved in this study.

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Monitoring of Water Quality, Antibiotic Residues, and Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in the Kshipra River in India over a 3-Year Period

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17217706 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 7706

Author(s):

Nada Hanna ◽

Manju Purohit ◽

Vishal Diwan ◽

Salesh P. Chandran ◽

Emilia Riggi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Water Quality Parameters ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Water And Sediment ◽

Measured Water

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major global and environmental health issue, yet the presence of antibiotic residues and resistance in the water and sediment of a river subjected to excessive anthropogenic activities and their relationship with water quality of the river are not well studied. The objectives of the present study were a) to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the water and sediment of the Kshipra river in India at seven selected sites during different seasons of the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 and b) to investigate the association between antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment and measured water quality parameters of the river. Antibiotic residues and resistant E. coli were present in the water and sediment and were associated with the measured water quality parameters. Sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected antibiotic in water at the highest concentration of 4.66 µg/L and was positively correlated with the water quality parameters. Significant (p < 0.05) seasonal and spatial variations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment were found. The resistance of E. coli to antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethiazole, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacine, cefotaxime, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, meropenem, ampicillin, amikacin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and tigecycline) had varying associations with the measured water and sediment quality parameters. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that regular monitoring and surveillance of water quality, including antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance, of all rivers should be taken up as a key priority, in national and Global Action Plans as these can have implications for the buildup of antibiotic resistance.

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Survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soil and presence in tile drainage and shallow groundwater

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss09113 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 495-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A C VanderZaag ◽

K J Campbell ◽

R C Jamieson ◽

A C Sinclair ◽

L G Hynes

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Fecal Contamination ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Tile Drainage ◽

Subsurface Water ◽

Bacterial Survival ◽

Manure Application ◽

Monitoring Wells ◽

E Coli

Animal agriculture and the use of manure as a soil amendment can lead to enteric pathogens entering water used for drinking, irrigation, and recreation. The presence of Escherichia coli in water is commonly used as an indicator of recent fecal contamination; however, a few recent studies suggest some E. coli populations are able to survive for extended time periods in agricultural soils. This important finding needs to be further assessed with field-scale studies. To this end, we conducted a 1-yr study within a 9.6-ha field that had received fertilizer and semi-solid dairy cattle manure annually for the past decade. Escherichia coli concentrations were monitored throughout the year (before and after manure application) in the effluent from tile drains (at approximately 80 cm depth) and in 5- to 8-m-deep groundwater wells. Escherichia coli was detected in both groundwater and tile drain effluent at concentrations exceeding irrigation and recreational water-quality guidelines. Within two of the monitoring wells, concentrations of E. coli, and frequency of detections, were greatest several months after the manure application. In two monitoring wells and one tile drain the frequency of E. coli detections was higher before manure was applied than after. This suggests the presence and abundance of E. coli was not strongly related to the timing of manure application. A laboratory study using naladixic acid resistant E. coli showed the bacteria could survive at least two times longer in soil samples collected from the study field than in soil from the adjacent riparian area, which had not received manure applications. Together, field and lab results suggest that a consistent source of E. coli exists within the field, which may include “naturalized” strains of E. coli. Further studies are required to determine the specific source of E. coli detected in tile drainage water and shallow groundwater. If the E. coli recovered in subsurface water is primarily mobilized from naturalized populations residing within the soil profile, this indicator organism would have little value as an indicator of recent fecal contamination. Key words: Bacterial survival, naturalized Escherichia coli, groundwater, tile drainage

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Predictive Models for Escherichia coli Concentrations at Inland Lake Beaches and Relationship of Model Variables to Pathogen Detection

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02995-12 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 79 (5) ◽

pp. 1676-1688 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Donna S. Francy ◽

Erin A. Stelzer ◽

Joseph W. Duris ◽

Amie M. G. Brady ◽

John H. Harrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

Predictive Models ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Model Performance ◽

Current Method ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

Predictive Variables ◽

Inland Lake

ABSTRACTPredictive models, based on environmental and water quality variables, have been used to improve the timeliness and accuracy of recreational water quality assessments, but their effectiveness has not been studied in inland waters. Sampling at eight inland recreational lakes in Ohio was done in order to investigate using predictive models forEscherichia coliand to understand the links betweenE. coliconcentrations, predictive variables, and pathogens. Based upon results from 21 beach sites, models were developed for 13 sites, and the most predictive variables were rainfall, wind direction and speed, turbidity, and water temperature. Models were not developed at sites where theE. colistandard was seldom exceeded. Models were validated at nine sites during an independent year. At three sites, the model resulted in increased correct responses, sensitivities, and specificities compared to use of the previous day'sE. coliconcentration (the current method). Drought conditions during the validation year precluded being able to adequately assess model performance at most of the other sites.Cryptosporidium, adenovirus,eaeA(E. coli),ipaH(Shigella), andspvC(Salmonella) were found in at least 20% of samples collected for pathogens at five sites. The presence or absence of the three bacterial genes was related to some of the model variables but was not consistently related toE. coliconcentrations. Predictive models were not effective at all inland lake sites; however, their use at two lakes with high swimmer densities will provide better estimates of public health risk than current methods and will be a valuable resource for beach managers and the public.

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Monitoring and predicting water quality for smart urban water infrastructure

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10954 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elisa Coraggio ◽

Dawei Han ◽

Theo Tryfonas ◽

Weiru Liu

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Resources ◽

Real Time ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Clean Water ◽

Urban Water ◽

Resources Management

Water resources management is a delicate, complex and challenging task. It involves monitoring quality, quantity, timing and distribution of water in order to meet the needs of the population&#8217;s usage demand. Nowadays these decisions have to be made in a continuously evolving landscape where quantity and quality of water resources change in time with uncertainty.Throughout history, access to clean water has always been a huge desire from urban settlements. People built towns and villages close to water sources. In most cases, streams brought clean water in and washed away polluted water. Nowadays the largest strains on water quality typically occur within urban areas, with degradation coming from point and diffuse sources of pollutants and alteration of natural flow through built-up areas.Municipalities are acting to reduce the impact of climate change on existing cities and meet the needs of the growing urban population. In many places around the world costal flood defences were built involving construction of barriers that lock the tide and keep the water coming from in-land rivers creating reservoirs close to the shore.These man-made barriers stop the natural cleaning action of the tide on transitional waters. This causes severe water quality problems like eutrophication and high levels of bacteria. On the positive side, these water reservoirs are used as recreational water, drinking water, agricultural water. As many more people are moving to live in urban areas, its overall demand for clean water and discharge of polluted water is constantly growing. Hence monitoring and foreseeing water quality in these urban surface waters is fundamental in order to be able to meet the water demand in future scenarios.Many cities have already successfully implemented smart water technologies in many types of the water infrastructures. Monitoring water quality has always been a challenging and costly task. It has been so far the most difficult water characteristic to monitor remotely in real time. Lack of high frequency and accurate data has always been one of the main challenges. Today, using information and communication technologies (ICT) is possible to set up a real time water quality monitoring system that will allow to deepen the understanding of water quality dynamics leading to a better management of urban water resources.A case study will be presented where a real time water quality monitoring system for the surface water of Bristol Floating Harbour has been deployed in the UK and water quality data have been analysed using artificial intelligence algorithms in order to understand the link between ambient weather data (i.e., precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, wind, etc.) and surface water pollution. Preliminary results of a water quality prediction model will also be presented showing the capabilities of predicting water quality as a new tool in municipality&#8217;s decision-making processes and water resources management.

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Plant-Pathogenic Oomycetes, Escherichia coli Strains, and Salmonella spp. Frequently Found in Surface Water Used for Irrigation of Fruit and Vegetable Crops in New York State

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01012-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 (16) ◽

pp. 4814-4820 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Lisa A. Jones ◽

Randy W. Worobo ◽

Christine D. Smart

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Water Quality ◽

New York ◽

Food Safety ◽

Surface Water ◽

New York State ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Content Type ◽

York State ◽

E Coli

ABSTRACTIn the United States, surface water is commonly used to irrigate a variety of produce crops and can harbor pathogens responsible for food-borne illnesses and plant diseases. Understanding when pathogens infest water sources is valuable information for produce growers to improve the food safety and production of these crops. In this study, prevalence data along with regression tree analyses were used to correlate water quality parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity), irrigation site properties (source, the presence of livestock or fowl nearby), and precipitation data to the presence and concentrations ofEscherichia coli,Salmonellaspp., and hymexazol-insensitive (HIS) oomycetes (PhytophthoraandPythiumspp.) in New York State surface waters. A total of 123 samples from 18 sites across New York State were tested forE. coliandSalmonellaspp., of which 33% and 43% were positive, respectively. Additionally, 210 samples from 38 sites were tested for HIS oomycetes, and 88% were found to be positive, with 10 species ofPhytophthoraand 11 species ofPythiumbeing identified from the samples. Regression analysis found no strong correlations between water quality parameters, site factors, or precipitation to the presence or concentration ofE. coliin irrigation sources. ForSalmonella, precipitation (≤0.64 cm) 3 days before sampling was correlated to both presence and the highest counts. Analyses for oomycetes found creeks to have higher average counts than ponds, and higher turbidity levels were associated with higher oomycete counts. Overall, information gathered from this study can be used to better understand the food safety and plant pathogen risks of using surface water for irrigation.

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