scholarly journals IMPACTO DEL PROGRAMA JUNTOS SOBRE EL GASTO EN ALIMENTOS EN LOS HOGARES RURALES, 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-83
Author(s):  
Alfredo Pelayo Calatayud Mendoza ◽  
Edson Apaza Mamani
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Matching ◽  
Per Capita

El objetivo del presente estudio es estimar el impacto del programa Juntos sobre el gasto per cápita en alimentos en los hogares rurales, como fuente de información se utiliza la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares – 2015, la metodología es la técnica de diseño cuasi-experimental Propensity Score Matching – PSM con la técnica de emparejamiento de vecino más cercano (Nearest Neighbor Matching), este método consiste en comparar el gasto per cápita en alimentos que obtiene cada beneficiario tratado con el grupo de control que tenga el propensity score más cercano, luego se calcula la diferencia entre cada par de hogares emparejadas en el gasto per cápita en alimentos y luego se promedian todas las diferencias para calcular el ATT. La unidad de análisis son los hogares rurales de la sierra y selva del Perú en condición de pobreza y extrema pobreza. Los resultados reportan que la probabilidad de participar en el programa Juntos depende de las características del hogar, de la vivienda y del jefe de hogar. Asimismo, los resultados sugieren que el programa Juntos si tiene un impacto positivo sobre el gasto per cápita en alimentos, para aquellos hogares rurales en pobreza y extrema pobreza el programa Juntos ha incrementado el gasto per cápita en 8.9% (ATT=0.089) a un nivel de significancia de 10%.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MICROFINANCE ON SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ LIVELIHOOD IN RWANDA: A CASE STUDY OF NYAMAGABE DISTRICT

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eularie MUTAMULIZA ◽  
Edouard MUSABANGANJI
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Matching ◽  
The Government

Microfinance in Rwanda is considered as one of the most crucial mechanisms in the implementation of the Government program to reduce poverty and to increase economic growth. However, despite the effort made by the Government of Rwanda to put in place microfinance institutions in rural areas, little is known about the effects of microfinance on smallholder farmers’ income in Nyamagabe District of Rwanda. This study aimed at examining the contribution of microfinance services to the income of smallholder farmers in Nyamagabe District. Primary data were collected from 240 respondents randomly selected in 3 sectors of Nyamagabe District using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and Propensity Score Matching was used to assess the effect of microfinance on smallholder farmers’ livelihood. The results from descriptive statistics showing that 117 respondents were participants in microfinance services and 123 were nonparticipants and more men were committed to participate and to access microfinance services than women. Results from Propensity Score Matching Model using both Kernel Based Matching and Nearest Neighbor Matching showed that the households participating in microfinance services increased their total annual income by 256,674 Rwandan francs and 228,246 Rwandan francs more than non-participants, respectively. The study recommended that smallholder farmers should be encouraged to participate in microfinance services to increase their income and agricultural productivity. The use of SACCOs and microfinance services needs to be promoted in order to provide an instrument for mobilizing savings and extending credit.

scholarly journals IMPACTO DEL PROGRAMA JUNTOS SOBRE LA VIOLENCIA DOMÉSTICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Alfredo Pelayo Calatayud Mendoza ◽  
María Del Pilar Blanco Espesua
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Matching ◽  
Salud Mental ◽  
Violencia Domestica

El objetivo del presente estudio, es estimar el impacto del programa Juntos sobre los niveles de violencia doméstica contra la mujer. Ciertamente, la violencia es un fenómeno complejo y está determinado por múltiples causas;  si bien es cierto, dentro de los objetivos del programa Juntos no está prevista directamente la disminución de la violencia doméstica. Sin embargo, un grupo de estudios advierten que una de las causas de la violencia contra la mujer es por razones de carácter económico y existen tres tipos de violencia doméstica: física, psicológica y sexual. Específicamente, el programa Juntos, es un programa social dirigido a la población de mayor vulnerabilidad, en situación de extrema pobreza, riesgo y exclusión; el subsidio consiste en la entrega mensual de dinero de 100 soles. El estudio sigue una metodología cuantitativa por la necesidad de evidenciar empíricamente el impacto del programa, concretamente es la técnica de Propensity Score Matching : Nearest Neighbor Matching y la fuente de datos utilizada para el análisis es la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y de Salud Familiar - ENDES de los años 2014 y 2015. Los resultados señalan que el programa Juntos no ha logrado reducir los niveles de violencia doméstica a un nivel de significancia de 5%, no se reporta impacto favorable del programa en la reducción de la violencia física, psicológica y sexual ya sea en forma severa o algunas veces; no obstante que el número de hogares beneficiarios se ha incrementado exponencialmente, durante los 10 años de funcionamiento. Los resultados sugieren incorporar en el componente de salud del programa Juntos la salud mental de los hogares beneficiarios para ello es importante la participación de la mujer y de su pareja, la condición o el compromiso es modificar el comportamiento de la pareja en actos o actitudes de violencia.

scholarly journals Can the Ceftriaxone Breakpoints Be Increased Without Compromising Patient Outcomes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranita D Tamma ◽  
Virginia M Pierce ◽  
Sara E Cosgrove ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach ◽  
Anthony Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Abstract Background In 2010, the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute recommended a 3-fold lowering of ceftriaxone breakpoints to 1 mcg/mL for Enterobacteriaceae. Supportive clinical data at the time were from fewer than 50 patients. We compared the clinical outcomes of adults with Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections treated with ceftriaxone compared with matched patients (with exact matching on ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs]) treated with extended-spectrum agents to determine if ceftriaxone breakpoints could be increased without negatively impacting patient outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at 3 large academic medical centers and included patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia with ceftriaxone MICs of 2 mcg/mL treated with ceftriaxone or extended-spectrum β-lactams (ie, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, or imipenem/cilastatin) between 2008 and 2014; 1:2 nearest neighbor propensity score matching was performed to estimate the odds of recurrent bacteremia and mortality within 30 days. Results Propensity score matching yielded 108 patients in the ceftriaxone group and 216 patients in the extended-spectrum β-lactam group, with both groups well-balanced on demographics, preexisting medical conditions, severity of illness, source of bacteremia, and source control interventions. No difference in recurrent bacteremia (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49–2.73) or mortality (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.56–2.91) between the treatment groups was observed for patients with isolates with ceftriaxone MICs of 2 mcg/mL. Only 6 isolates (1.6%) with ceftriaxone MICs of 2 mcg/mL were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing. Conclusions Our findings suggest that patient outcomes are similar when receiving ceftriaxone vs extended-spectrum agents for the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections with ceftriaxone MICs of 2 mcg/mL. This warrants consideration of adjusting the ceftriaxone susceptibility breakpoint from 1 to 2 mcg/mL, as a relatively small increase in the antibiotic breakpoint could have the potential to limit the use of large numbers of extended-spectrum antibiotic agents.

Impact of mobile money access on internal remittances, consumption expenditure and household welfare in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Twumasi Baffour ◽  
Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman ◽  
Ibrahim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Money Transfer ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transfer Services

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of mobile money access on internal remittances received, per capita consumption expenditure and welfare of household in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study used data from the latest round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) and employed the propensity score matching technique to estimate average treatment effect between users and non-users of mobile money transfer services.FindingsThe study finds that using mobile money is welfare enhancing, particularly for poor households and the channel by which it impacts on welfare is through higher internal remittances received and per capita expenditure. The results from the average treatment effect indicate that mobile money users receive significantly higher remittances and consequently spend averagely higher on consumption than non-users.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the data employed in this study is limited to one country, the findings support the financial inclusion role and developmental impact of mobile money transfer services. Hence, mobile money transfer services should be promoted and facilitated by the telecommunication and financial sector regulators.Originality/valueIn addition to making original contribution to the literature on the welfare impact of mobile money, the study's use of the propensity score matching is unique.

scholarly journals Does inflation targeting work well? Evidence from CEE countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-392
Author(s):  
Chen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Inflation Volatility ◽  
Output Performance ◽  
Per Capita

This article examines the effects of inflation targeting (IT) policy on inflation and output performance. I employ the propensity score matching method for the sample of CEE countries from 1990 to 2010. The evidence suggests that the IT regime does not have a significant effect on the inflation level or the inflation volatility; however, the IT framework can help to increase GDP per capita. The effects on inflation indicators are inconsistent with previous studies. The results are robust to different methodologies.

scholarly journals Comparison of Nearest Neighbor and Caliper Algorithms in Outcome Propensity Score Matching to Study the Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sabbaghian Tousi ◽  
Hamed Tabesh ◽  
Azadeh Saki ◽  
Ali Tagipour ◽  
Mohammad Tajfard
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Algorithm ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method to reduce the impact of essential and confounders. When the number of confounders is high, there may be a problem of matching, in which, finding matched pairs for the case group is difficult, or impossible. The propensity score (PS) minimizes the effect of the confounders, and it is reduced to one dimension. There are various algorithms in the field of PSM. This study aimed to compared the nearest neighbor and caliper algorithms. Methods: Data obtained in this study were from patients undergoing angiography at Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, between 2011-12. The study was a retrospective case-control using PSM. In total, 604 patients were included in the case and control groups. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the propensity score and adjust the variables, such as age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and triglyceride. Then, the Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the raw data and two matching algorithms were determined to examine the relationship between type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). Results: Propensity score in the nearest neighbor and caliper algorithms matched the total number of 604 samples, 200 and 178 pairs, respectively. All variables were significantly different between the two groups before matching (P<0.05). The gender was significantly different between the two groups after matching using the nearest neighbor algorithm (P=0.002). No variables created a significant difference between the two groups after matching with the caliper algorithm. Conclusion: Bias reduction in the caliper algorithm was greater than for the nearest neighbor algorithm for all variables except the triglyceride variable.

Causal Inference with Complex Survey Designs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Levin ◽  
Betsy Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Inference Techniques ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses methods that combine survey weighting and propensity score matching to estimate population average treatment effects. Beginning with an overview of causal inference techniques that incorporate data from complex surveys and the usefulness of survey weights, it then considers approaches for incorporating survey weights into three matching algorithms, along with their respective methodologies: nearest-neighbor matching, subclassification matching, and propensity score weighting. It also presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study that illustrates the benefits of incorporating survey weights into propensity score matching procedures, as well as the problems that arise when survey weights are ignored. Finally, it explores the differences between population-based inferences and sample-based inferences using real-world data from the 2012 panel of The American Panel Survey (TAPS). The article highlights the impact of social media usage on political participation, when such impact is not actually apparent in the target population.

scholarly journals Efectos del programa Asignación Universal por Hijo en la deserción escolar adolescente

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (69) ◽  
pp. 709-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Jiménez ◽  
Mónica Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Per Capita

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar el impacto del programa de transferencias condicionadas denominado Asignación Universal por Hijo (AUH), implementado en la Argentina desde 2009, en la deserción escolar adolescente. Además se analiza si su efecto en esta variable responde a su impacto en la tasa de ocupación juvenil y en el ingreso familiar per cápita, utilizando una base de datos novedosa: la Encuesta Nacional de Gasto de los Hogares del 2012/2013. Para ello se aplica el método propensity score matching. Los resultados sugieren que la AUH redujo la tasa de deserción escolar entre los adolescentes beneficiarios.

scholarly journals Nonsurgical Procedure Related Postoperative Complications Predicts 30 Days Perioperative Mortality, in Abdominal Surgeries. A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavin B. Vasavada ◽  
Hardik Patel
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Related Complication ◽  
Intraoperative Hypotension ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Aims and Objectives: Our primary aim was to study association between nonsurgical techniques related complications and mortality and our secondary aim was to determine factors responsible for non surgical technique related complications. Material and Methods: All gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary procedures performed in last 3 years have been evaluated retrospectively. Nonsurgical procedure related postoperative complications were defined as perioperative complications nonrelated to surgical procedures or techniques and related to patients&rsquo; physiological health or comorbidities. To avoid selection bias in attempt to evaluate effect of non-surgical procedural related complication on mortality, we did 1:1 propensity score matching analysis with nonsurgical technique related complications as dependent factor. Propensity scores were calculated using logistic regression. Pre operative confounding factors like age, sex, American society of Anesthesia score (ASA), emergency surgery, type of surgeries like HPB surgeries, Upper gastrointestinal surgeries, small bowel surgeries, colorectal surgeries, hernia surgeries, open or laparoscopic surgeries were entered in model as covariates. We used nearest neighbor matching protocol with a calipher of 0.2. Cases were not reusable after matching. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Results: Total 348 patients underwent various abdominal surgeries (gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary) in our department from April 2017 to March 2020. Total 24 patients developed nonsurgical technique related complications. Before Propensity score matching nonsurgical technique related complications were significantly higher in Upper Gastrointestinal surgeries (gastric and esophageal), emergency surgeries, Open surgeries, in patients who developed intraoperative hypotension, patients operated for malignancies, patients with higher ASA grades, patients in whom more blood products were used and patient who had more operative time. ASA scores independently predicted nonsurgical technique related complications. [P=0.001. Odds Ratio 3.955 (95% C.I.) 1.774-8.813)]. After Matching 24 patients patients were included in nonsurgical complication related complication group and they were compared with 23 matched controls. After matching also nonsurgical procedural related complications were significantly associated with mortality. (p&lt; 0.0001). No intraoperative factors like intraoperative hypotension, blood product requirement, operative time predicted non-surgical technique related complication. Surgery related complications were not associated with mortality after matching. Conclusion: Nonsurgical technique related complications are associated with significant increase risk of mortality.

Abstract TMP83: Propensity Score Matching to Estimate Supported Outcomes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients with Withdrawal of Life Support

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Tirschwell ◽  
Kyra J Becker ◽  
Claire J Creutzfeldt ◽  
Marisa Gallo ◽  
W. T Longstreth
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Multivariate Modeling ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Matching ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhages ◽  
Acceptable Outcome

Background: Observational reports suggest that a self-fulfilling prognostic pessimism may lead to withdrawal of life support (WOLS) in patients with more severe intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) who might otherwise have acceptable clinical outcomes. Our objective was to estimate what outcomes in a cohort of ICH patients might have been if they did not have WOLS. Methods: Multivariate modeling was used to create a propensity score (PS) for WOLS in a Seattle single center cohort of ICH patients with hospital discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) as the primary outcome. Using nearest neighbor matching, individual ICH patients with WOLS were matched to individual ICH patients without WOLS and baseline variables and outcome were compared. Results: The cohort comprised 590 ICH patients with mean age of 67 years, 42% women, 76% white and 18% WOLS. Factors used to create the PS for WOLS included age, pre-ICH mRS, GCS, ICH volume, intraventricular hemorrhage, pre-existing hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation, first temperature and intubation. Matches were possible for 78 WOLS/non-WOLS pairs. Groups were well matched on all PS factors, mean age (67 years), GCS (6.4), ICH volume (59cc) and % intubation (59). Discharge mRS in the both groups varied from 3-6 and was for the WOLS group 1.3%, 2.6%, 6.4% and 90% respectively; in the matched non-WOLS group discharge mRS was 6.4%, 32%, 24% and 37% respectively (difference p<0.0005). Using mRS <= 4 at discharge as an acceptable outcome, % in WOLS/non-WOLS were 4%/38% (difference p<0.0005). Conclusions: The proportion of ICH patients with WOLS that might have had an acceptable outcome without WOLS was ~38%. This discharge “acceptable outcome” of mRS <= 4 assumes eventual recovery to better function in many. The 34% absolute difference in WOLS/non-WOLS outcomes suggests that for every 3 fewer ICH patients with WOLS, one more patient might have an acceptable clinical outcome. This proportion would vary depending on an individual patient’s interpretation of what constitutes an acceptable outcome.

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