scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY OF EGYPTIAN ARABIAN HORSES FROM EL-ZAHRAA STUD BASED ON 14 TKY MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Sargious ◽  
Ragab El-Shawarby ◽  
Mohamed Abo-Salem ◽  
Elham EL-Shewy ◽  
Hanaa Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Parentage Assignment ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Bioinformatics Software ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Arabian Population ◽  
Genetic Analyzer

The objectives of this study were, firstly, to conduct genetic characterization of Egyptian Arabian horses based on 14 TKY microsatellite markers, secondly, to investigate the powerfulness of these 14 TKY markers for parentage assignment of Arabian horses. A total of 101 horse samples including (Arabian = 71, Thoroughbred = 19 and Nooitgedacht = 11) were analysed by 14 TKY microsatellite markers. The PCR products were electrophoresed on Genetic analyzer 3500 with the aid of Liz standard. The basic measures of the allele’s size and genetic diversity were computed using bioinformatics software. The polymorphism of the TKY markers across the Arabian population showed moderate values for genetic diversity parameters; number of allele (NA) =8.143, effective number of allele (Ne) = 3.694, observed heterozygosity (HO) = 0.599, expected heterozygosity (HE) = 0.691, polymorphic Information Content (PIC) = 0.636 and Inbreeding coefficient (FIS)= 0.128. The combined probability of exclusion (CPE) value of the 14 TKY microsatellite loci of our Arabian horses was 0.9999. The results from current study confirm the applicability and efficiency of TKY microsatellite panel for evaluating the genetic diversity and parentage assignment of Egyptian Arabian horses.Key words: Arabian horses; genetic diversity; microsatellite; TKY markers GENSKA RAZNOVRSTNOST EGIPČANSKIH KONJ ARABSKE PASME IZ KOBILARNE EL-ZAHRAA NA PODLAGI 14 MIKROSATELITSKIH OZNAK TKY Izvleček: Nameni raziskave so bili genetska karakterizacija egipčanskih konj arabske pasme na podlagi 14 mikrosatelitskih označevalecv TKY ter raziskava moči 14 označevalcev TKY za dodelitev staršev arabskih konj. S pomočjo 14 mikrosatelitskih označevalcev TKY je bilo analiziranih 101 vzorcev konj (arabski = 71, čistokrvni = 19 in konji Nooitgedacht = 11). Produkte PCR so analizirali s pomočjo elektroforeze na genskem analizatorju 3500 s pomočjo Liz standarda. Osnovne mere velikosti alela in genske raznovrstnosti so bile izračunane s pomočjo programske opreme za bioinformatiko. Polimorfizem označevalcev TKY v arabski populaciji je pokazal zmerne vrednosti za parametre genske raznolikosti; število alelov (NA) = 8,143, efektivno število alelov (Ne) = 3,694, opazovana heterozigotnost (HO) = 0,599, pričakovana heterozigotnost (HE) = 0,691, polimorfna informacijska vsebina (PIC) = 0,636 in Inbriding koeficient (FIS) = 0,128. Skupna vrednost verjetnosti izključitve (CPE) 14 mikrosatelitskih lokusov TKY njihovih arabskih konj je bila 0,9999. Rezultati te raziskave potrjujejo uporabnost in učinkovitost mikrosatelitske plošče TKY za oceno genetske raznovrstnosti in starševske pripadnosti egipčanskih arabskih konj.Ključne besede: arabski konji; genska raznolikost; mikrosatelit; markerji TKY

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Ethiopia using microsatellite markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Workia Ahmed ◽  
Tileye Feyissa ◽  
Kassahun Tesfaye ◽  
Sumaira Farrakh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity

Abstract Background Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a perennial monocotyledonous plant belonging to the Arecaceae family, a special plant with extraordinary nature that gives eminent contributions in agricultural sustainability and huge socio-economic value in many countries of the world including Ethiopia. Evaluation of genetic diversity across date palms at DNA level is very important for breeding and conservation. The result of this study could help to design for genetic improvement and develop germplasm introduction programmes of date palms mainly in Ethiopia. Results In this study, 124 date palm genotypes were collected, and 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers were used. Among 10 microsatellites, MPdCIR085 and MPdCIR093 loci showed the highest value of observed and expected heterozygosity, maximum number of alleles, and highest polymorphic information content values. A total of 112 number of alleles were found, and the mean number of major allele frequency was 0.26, with numbers ranging from 0.155 (MPdCIR085) to 0.374 (MPdCIR016); effective number of alleles with a mean value of 6.61, private alleles ranged from 0.0 to 0.65; observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.355 to 0.726; expected heterozygosity varied from 0.669 to 0.906, polymorphic information content with a mean value of 0.809; fixation index individuals relative to subpopulations ranged from 0.028 for locus MPdCIR032 to 0.548 for locus MPdCIR025, while subpopulations relative to total population value ranged from − 0.007 (MPdCIR070) to 0.891 (MPdCIR015). All nine accesstions, neighbour-joining clustering analysis, based on dissimilarity coefficient values were grouped into five major categories; in population STRUCTURE analysis at highest K value, three groups were formed, whereas DAPC separated date palm genotypes into eight clusters using the first two linear discriminants. Principal coordinate analysis was explained, with a 17.33% total of variation in all populations. Generally, the result of this study revealed the presence of allele variations and high heterozygosity (> 0.7) in date palm genotypes. Conclusions Microsatellites (SSR) are one of the most preferable molecular markers for the study of genetic diversity and population structure of plants. In this study, we found the presence of genetic variations of date palm genotypes in Ethiopia; therefore, these genetic variations of date palms is important for crop improvement and conservation programmes; also, it will be used as sources of information to national and international genbanks.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci of Megalobrama pellegrini by next-generation sequencing technology and cross-species amplification in related species

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Song ◽  
Dongmei Zhu ◽  
Yefeng Lv ◽  
Weimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Megalobrama pellegrini is one of the economically important freshwater fish in China. Here, we developed 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci of M. pellegrini. The number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed heterozygosity (HO), expected heterozygosity (HE) and polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 3 to 11 (mean±SD 5.4828±1.9571), 2.8708 to 9.6257 (mean±SD 5.0865±1.6681), 0.4333 to 0.9333 (mean±SD 0.7874±0.1213), 0.6627 to 0.9113 (mean±SD 0.7946±0.0751) and 0.5785 to 0.8868 (mean±SD 0.7439±0.0950), respectively. Cross-species amplification was successful at most loci for related species such as M. amblycephala, M. hoffmanni, M. skolkovii and Parabramis pekinensis. The transferability rate of the 29 polymorphic microsatellite markers in M. amblycephala, M. hoffmanni, M. skolkovii and P. pekinensis were 96.55%, 86.21%, 86.21% and 75.86%, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellites are not only useful in genetic study and conservation of M. pellegrini, but also an effective tool for identifying the related species. We could use 5 microsatellite markers (HHF-63, HHF-104, HHF-113, HHF-148, HHF-163) to distinguish the 5 species.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers, Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis in Sapota (Manilkara Zapota (L.) P. Royen)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kundapura Venkataramana Ravishankar ◽  
Pavithra Sathanandam ◽  
Prakash Patil ◽  
Ajitha Rekha ◽  
Iyyamperumal Muthuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Genomic Markers ◽  
Structure Assignment

Abstract Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, a widely adaptable and popular tree meant for its appetizing fruits in tropics with no genomic resources like microsatellite markers. In order to develop genomic markers primarily for sapota, we sequenced partial genomic DNA using next generation sequencing technology on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. We analyzed a total of 3.3 Gb data that were assembled into 6396224 contigs. From these contigs, 3591 simple sequence repeats were identified. Among the different type of repeats mononucleotide repeats (59.1%) were predominant followed by dinucleotide (28.6%) and trinucleotide repeats (8.2%). Primers were designed for 1285 microsatellite regions from which 30 randomly selected primers were standardized and employed for amplification in 53 genotypes of sapota. We observed 692 alleles from 30 loci with a polymorphic information content ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 with a mean of 0.9118. The probability of identity ranged from 0.002 to 0.043 with a mean of 0.012. Genetic diversity assessed by neighbour-joining and STRUCTURE assignment tests showed admixed population with 3 groups. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a significant F st value of 0.69659 indicating high genetic differentiation among the 53 genotypes. The developed microsatellites will be advantageous in assessing genetic diversity, developing linkage map and also molecular characterization of genotypes

scholarly journals Characterization of Genetic Diversity of Stone Fruit Rootstocks Used in Chile by Means of Microsatellite Markers

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Arismendi ◽  
Patricio Hinrichsen ◽  
Ruben Almada ◽  
Paula Pimentel ◽  
Manuel Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Simple Sequence

Stone fruit (Prunus L.) production in Chile covers ≈43,000 ha and includes a wide variety of soils and climates requiring a large diversity of rootstocks. The most commercially important rootstock cultivars are 26 genotypes from three different taxonomic groups belonging to the subgenera Amygdalus (L.) Benth. Hook. (peach group), Prunus Focke [= Prunophora (Neck.)] Focke (plum group), and Cerasus (Adans.) Focke (cherry group) with eight, seven, and 10 individuals, respectively. To determine their genetic diversity, characterization by microsatellite markers [simple sequence repeat (SSR)] was conducted. Of a total of 20 SSR markers evaluated, 12 generated amplified products that were consistent in the three taxonomic groups. The number of alleles per marker ranged from 18 for PSM-3 to four in CPPCT-002. Clustering analysis, by both traditional hierarchical and model-based approaches, indicate that all genotypes are clustered in their respective taxonomic groups, including the interspecific hybrids. Genetic diversity, measured as the average distances (expected heterozygosity) between individuals in the same cluster, was higher in Cerasus (0.78) followed by Prunus (0.72) and Amygdalus (0.64). Total number of alleles observed was 133, of which 14, 33, and 35 from six, 10, and 10 loci were unique for the peach, plum, and cherry rootstock groups, respectively. Alleles shared among peach/plum, plum/cherry, and peach/cherry rootstock genotypes were 13, 14, and 18 from nine, seven, and seven loci, respectively. Only six alleles from five loci were common to the three taxonomic groups. In addition, to develop a rootstock identification system based on SSR markers, a minimum set of three markers (PMS-3, BPPCT-037, and BPPCT-036) able to differentiate the 26 genotypes was identified. This study is the first step toward establishing a stone fruit rootstock breeding program in Chile.

scholarly journals Transferability and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers from Byrsonima Cydoniifolia A. Juss. (MALPIGHIACEAE) in Seven Related Taxa from Cerrado Biome Reveal Genetic Relationships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Bernardes ◽  
Devanir M. Murakami ◽  
Nair Bizão ◽  
Tamara N. Souza ◽  
Marcos J. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity

Abstract Byrsonima Rich. is one of the largest genera of the Malpighiaceae family, with 97 species occurrence in Brazil. In this study, 17 microsatellite markers previously developed and characterized in Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss. were tested for seven related taxa. All species tested here are native to Brazil, and of these species four are endemic. Cross-amplification as successfully optimized with high efficiency for all species. Microsatellite markers panels ranged from 11 (64,8%) transfered markers in B. viminifolia to 6 (35.2%) in B. umbellata. All loci were genotyped for 16 individuals of each species, except for B. viminifolia (14 individuals), then the polymorphic loci were characterized. The total number of alleles per locus across tested species ranged from 5 (B. linearifolia) to 8 (B. subterranea) alleles. B. umbellata showed lower values of observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho = 0.312; He = 0.436) and B. subterranea presented the highest values (Ho = 0.687; He = 0.778). A greater number of microsatellite markers should be developed for B. umbellata, once that the markers set transferred is reasonably informative, due to the greatest genetic divergence between species. The microsatellite marker panels transferred to the species B. intermedia, B. verbascifolia, B. laxiflora, B. subterranea, B. viminifolia and B. linearifolia are very informative, with a high combined probability of exclusion of paternity (Q ≥ 0.976) and the low combined probability of identity (I ≤ 9.91x10− 6), potentially suitable for future genetic-population studies, supporting strategies for maintaining the genetic diversity and for exploration of Byrsonima species as genetic resources.

scholarly journals Study of genetic diversity of Iranian indigenous buffalo populations using microsatellite markers

Genetika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Darestani Yousefi ◽  
Ashtiani Miraei ◽  
Mostafa Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Sustainable Conservation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Amova Analysis

Indigenous buffalo breeds represent a unique genetic resource, and understanding their variability, population structure and breeding units is important for their sustainable conservation. In the present study the genetic structure of Iranian buffalo populations was analyzed using ten microsatellite markers. Two hundred hair samples were collected and DNA was extracted using modified salting out method. After Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the PCR products were electrophoresed using 9% polyacrylamide gel. Fifty- nine alleles were observed for all the loci. The average number of alleles was 5.90 and the effective average number of alleles was 4.86. The high level of mean heterozygosity index between three populations indicate that the genetic diversity is high in within and between populations. The mean of polymorphism information content (PIC) value for all loci was 0.70. The FST value for the total loci was 0.01, indicating a very low level of genetic structure among populations. The genetic structure AMOVA analysis showed that about 3% of the total genetic variation was explained by population differences and 97 percent was corresponded to differences among individuals. The obtained results at the present study indicated that characterization of genetic diversity by employing molecular tools is a prerequisite in developing strategies for conservation and utilization of buffalo genetic resources.

scholarly journals Microsatellite Markers in Hazelnut: Isolation, Characterization, and Cross-species Amplification

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla V. Bassil ◽  
R. Botta ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Genome Mapping ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Gaa Repeats ◽  
Microsatellite Alleles ◽  
Simple Sequence

Three microsatellite-enriched libraries of the european hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) were constructed: library A for CA repeats, library B for GA repeats, and library C for GAA repeats. Twenty-five primer pairs amplified easy-to-score single loci and were used to investigate polymorphism among 20 C. avellana genotypes and to evaluate cross-species amplification in seven Corylus L. species. Microsatellite alleles were estimated by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis fragment sizing. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 12 (average = 7.16) in C. avellana and from 5 to 22 overall (average = 13.32). With the exception of CAC-B110, di-nucleotide SSRs were characterized by a relatively large number of alleles per locus (≥5), high average observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He > 0.6), and a high mean polymorphic information content (PIC ≥ 0.6) in C. avellana. In contrast, tri-nucleotide microsatellites were more homozygous (Ho = 0.4 on average) and less informative than di-nucleotide simple sequence repeats (SSRs) as indicated by a lower mean number of alleles per locus (4.5), He (0.59), and PIC (0.54). Cross-species amplification in Corylus was demonstrated. These microsatellite markers were highly heterozygous and polymorphic and differentiated among genotypes of C. avellana irrespective of geographical origin. They will aid in fingerprinting genotypes of the european hazelnut and other Corylus species, genome mapping, and genetic diversity assessments.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of a Sheep Population in Oaxaca, Mexico: The Chocholteca Creole

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Teodulo Salinas-Rios ◽  
Jorge Hernández-Bautista ◽  
Araceli Mariscal-Méndez ◽  
Magaly Aquino-Cleto ◽  
Amparo Martínez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity

Creole sheep in México have undergone crossbreeding, provoking the loss of genetic variability. The objective of the present study is to determine the intra-racial genetic diversity, the genetic relationship with other genotypes, and the populational substructure of the Oaxacan Creole sheep. Twenty-nine blood samples were obtained of Creole sheep of the Oaxaca Mixteca region in México. A genetic analysis was made with 41 microsatellites recommended for studies of genetic diversity in sheep. An analysis was made of genetic diversity, populational structure, and genetic distance with 27 other sheep populations. The study found 205 alleles with a range of 2 to 9 by locus and an effective number of 3.33. The intra-racial analysis showed a moderate genetic diversity with values of expected heterozygosity of 0.686 and observed of 0.756, a mean polymorphic information content of 0.609, and a mean coefficient of consanguinity of −0.002. In interracial genetic diversity for the coefficients of consanguinity, the values were FIS = 0.0774, FIT = 0.16993, and FST = 0.10028, showing an elevated genetic distance with other creole breeds, but close to Argentine Creole, to another Creole of México and the Spanish Merino. Its genetic structure showed that it does not have any populational subdivision nor mixes with the others analyzed. It is concluded that it is a distinct and isolated population and is proposed as the creole breed “Chocholteca” for its conservation.

scholarly journals Microsatellite based genetic variation among the buffalo breed populations in Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Masroor Ellahi Babar ◽  
Akhtar Ali ◽  
Asif Nadeem ◽  
Zia Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Average Gene

AbstractIntroduction: Eight microsatellite loci were used to define genetic diversity among five native water buffalo breeds in Pakistan.Material and Methods: Blood samples (10 mL) from 25 buffaloes of each of the Nili, Ravi, Nili-Ravi, Kundhi, and Azi-Kheli breeds were collected aseptically from the jugular vein into 50 ml Falcon tubes containing 200 μl of 0.5 M EDTA. The phenol-chloroform method was used to extract DNA and the regions were amplified for microsatellite analysis. The eight microsatellite markers ETH10, INRA005, ILSTS029, ILSTS033, ILSTS049, ILSTS052, ETH225, and CSSM66 were analysed.Results: The effective number of alleles across all loci was as usual lower than the observed values with a mean value of 2.52 alleles per locus. The overall allele frequency varied from 0.0041 for alleles B, I, and J over respective loci ILSTS052, INRA005, and ILSTS029 to 0.80 for allele H over locus ILSTS029. The average observed and expected heterozygosity values across all polymorphic loci in all studied buffalo breeds were 0.43 and 0.53, respectively. The overall value for polymorphic information content of considered microsatellite markers was 0.53, suggesting their appropriateness for genetic diversity analysis in buffalo. The mean Fis value was 0.13 and all loci except ILSTS049 were found significantly deviated from HWE, most likely due to non-random breeding. The five buffalo populations were genetically less diverse as indicated by a small mean Fst value (0.07). The average gene flow (Nm) indicative for population migration was calculated as 3.31. Nei’s original measures of genetic distance (Ds) revealed ancient divergence of the Nili and Azi-Kheli breeds (Ds = 0.1747) and recent divergence of the Nili and Ravi breeds (Ds = 0.0374).Conclusion: These estimates of genetic diversity were seen to coincide with phenotypic differentiation among the studied buffalo breeds. The present study reports the first microsatellite marker-based genetic diversity analysis in Pakistani buffalo breeds, and might facilitate similar studies in other livestock breeds of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Turkish Water Buffalo Population by Using 20 Microsatellite Markers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Emel Özkan Ünal ◽  
Raziye Işık ◽  
Ayşe Şen ◽  
Elif Geyik Kuş ◽  
Mehmet İhsan Soysal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
The Mean

The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among 17 Turkish water buffalo populations. A total of 837 individuals from 17 provincial populations were genotyped, using 20 microsatellites markers. The microsatellite markers analyzed were highly polymorphic with a mean number of alleles of (7.28) ranging from 6 (ILSTS005) to 17 (ETH003). The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values across all polymorphic loci in all studied buffalo populations were 0.61 and 0.70, respectively. Observed heterozygosity varied from 0.55 (Bursa (BUR)) to 0.70 (Muş (MUS)). It was lower than expected heterozygosity in most of the populations indicating a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The overall value for the polymorphic information content of noted microsatellite loci was 0.655, indicating their suitability for genetic diversity analysis in buffalo. The mean FIS value was 0.091 and all loci were observed significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), most likely based on non-random breeding. The 17 buffalo populations were genetically less diverse as indicated by a small mean FST value (0.032 ± 0.018). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis indicated that about 2% of the total genetic diversity was clarified by population distinctions and 88 percent corresponded to differences among individuals. The information produced by this study can be used to establish a base of national conservation and breeding strategy of water buffalo population in Turkey.

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