WATER QUALITY OF THE BATHING WATER IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
I.V. Glazunova ◽  
◽  
N.P. Karpenko ◽  
A.M. Bakshtanin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
European Union ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Water Quality ◽  
The Eu

The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of water quality control in the water bodies for bathing, which can directly affect the health of the population and social conditions in the field of water recreation, water sports and tourism. The aim of the study is to analyze the structure and dynamics of the bathing water quality in the European Union based on the results of a review of the literature sources, as well as to compare approaches to this issue in Russia and the EU countries. The practical significance of the publi-cation is to disseminate the experience of the European Union in monitoring the quality of municipal water in the bathing areas, taking into account the requirements of the EU water Directive as well as in comparison with the review of the Russian experience. A brief overview of the situation with water quality in water bodies used for bathing in the European Union and Russia is given, and the current EU water directives are taken into account in a socially oriented approach.

(Un)fit for 55! Ohne eine verschärfte Governance-Verordnung sind die Klimaziele 2030 nicht zu erreichen

IG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
Michèle Knodt ◽  
Rainer Müller ◽  
Sabine Schlacke ◽  
Marc Ringel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Soft Governance ◽  
Energy Efficiency Targets ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
The Eu

The European Commission's “Fit for 55” package of July 2021 provides for a significant increase in renewable energy and energy efficiency targets in the European Union (EU). However, the EU’s competences in the energy sector are severely limited and subject to sovereignty. Already in 2018, the EU adopted a Governance Regulation that provides for a hardening of the otherwise only soft governance in the areas of renewable energies and energy efficiency due to the lack of European competences. It is intended to ensure that the Commission's recommendations for improving national energy and climate plans are implemented by the member states. An analysis of the quality of implementation of these recommendations now shows that this has a positive effect in areas with harder soft governance but still needs improvement. Increasing the targets of regulatory action cannot be successful without revising the Governance Regulation and hardening soft governance along with it. Otherwise, the EU is not fit for its 55 percent target in 2030.

scholarly journals Modeling of <i>E. coli</i> distribution for hazard assessment of bathing waters affected by combined sewer overflows

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Locatelli ◽  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Alejandro Acero Oliete ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez Catalán ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

Abstract. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) affect bathing water quality of receiving water bodies by bacterial pollution. The aim of this study is to assess the health hazard of bathing waters affected by CSOs. This is useful for bathing water managers, for risk assessment purposes, and for further impact and economic assessments. Pollutant hazard was evaluated based on two novel indicators proposed in this study: the mean duration of insufficient bathing water quality (1) over a period of time (i.e., several years) and (2) after single CSO/rain events. In particular, a novel correlation between the duration of seawater pollution and the event rainfall volume was developed. Pollutant hazard was assessed through a coupled urban drainage and seawater quality model that was developed, calibrated and validated based on local observations. Furthermore, hazard assessment was based on a novel statistical analysis of continuous simulations over a 9-year period using the coupled model. Finally, a validation of the estimated hazard is also shown. The health hazard was evaluated for the case study of Badalona (Spain) even though the methodology presented can be considered generally applicable to other urban areas and related receiving bathing water bodies. The case study presented is part of the EU-funded H2020 project BINGO (Bringing INnovation to OnGOing water management – a better future under climate change).

Approximating Ukraine’s Laws to Those of the European Union Concerning Meat and Meat Products Cold Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Kateryna O. RODIONOVA ◽  
Volodymyr M. STESHENKO ◽  
Ivan V. YATSENKO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The main objectives of the research were such: to define the concept of cold chain as an object of legal regulation; to find out the content and features of the EU legislation on the safety and quality of meat and meat products during cold chain and its use in Ukraine; to characterize the legal bases of the current legislation of Ukraine on ensuring the safety and quality of meat and meat products during cold chain, to formulate proposals and recommendations aimed at improving the national legislation of Ukraine by approximating it to the EU legislation, which sets requirements for the safety and quality of meat and meat products throughout cold chain. To achieve the abovementioned objectives, the following methods were used: comparative legal, analytical, systemic, dialectical, generalizing, specific-search, structural-functional, semantic, methods of deduction and induction, etc. The content and features of the legal regulation of the safety and quality of meat and meat products in the current legislation of the European Union and Ukraine have been clarified. For the first time, the definition of the term 'cold chain' has been proposed by reference to it in author's editorial, which should influence its clearer scientific and practical understanding. It is determined that the temperature regimes of cold processing, storage and transportation of meat and meat products in Ukraine are regulated by a large number of legal acts, in particular: national standards of Ukraine (DSTU), technical regulations, technological instructions, rules of transportation, etc. It is found that national legal acts do not provide a systematic understanding of the particularities of cold chain legal regulation in the meat processing industry in order to ensure the safety and quality of meat and meat products. As a result of departmental inconsistency, the existing storage temperature parameters for the same product type in different legal acts differ from each other, which does not allow to determine the actual storage periods at different stages of the cold chain. In addition, current legal acts in Ukraine do not provide for constant monitoring of the temperature of cold-processed meat and meat products throughout all cold chain units and the hygienic condition of refrigerators throughout the shelf life. As a result, the cold chain is very difficult to be controlled and requires a large number of factors to be taken into account in order to bring safe and high-quality meat and meat products to the end consumer. According to the results of the research, proposals and recommendations are formulated to improve the national legislation of Ukraine governing the cold chain in the meat processing industry.

scholarly journals THE MAIN SKILLS AND COMPETENCES OF MULTILINGUALISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Vankevič
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Globalization ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
European Citizen ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents multilingualism and multiculturalism as one of the main aims of the European Union (EU) and deals with the issue of political and cultural globalization. More and more young people describe themselves as cosmopolites. Multiculturalism is especially noticeable in the sphere of languages. Languages are fundamental for Europeans wanting to work together. They go to the very heart of the unity in diversity of the EU. It is important to nurture and to promote our linguistic heritage in the Member States but we also need to understand each other, our neighbours, our partners in the EU. Speaking many languages makes businesses and citizens more competitive and more mobile. The EU policy of official multilingualism as a deliberate tool of government is unique in the world. The EU sees the use of its citizens’ languages as one of the factors which make it more transparent, more legitimate and more efficient. At the level of culture and of enhancing the quality of life, too, the EU works actively to promote the wider knowledge and use of all its official languages throughout the Union. The ability to speak foreign language and multiculturalism are inseparable parts of the EU integrations. There are certain skills and competences that a multilingual, multicultural European citizen must acquire in order to become a full‐fledged EU member. Pagrindiniai daugiakalbiškumo įgūdžiai ir kompetencijos Europos sąjungos kontekste Santrauka Straipsnyje parodomas daugiakalbiškumas ir daugiakultūriškumas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių Europos Sąjungos tikslų bei analizuojama politinės ir kultūrinės globalizacijos problema. Vis daugiau jaunų žmonių save apibūdina kosmopolitais. Daugiakultūriškumas ypač pastebimas kalbų srityje. Kalbos labai svarbios europiečiams, norintiems bendradarbiauti. Būtent kalbos sudaro Europos vientisumo ir skirtingumo ašį. Todėl visos Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalys narės privalo ne tik tausoti ir plėtoti savo kalbos paveldą, bet ir stengtis suprasti vienos kitas, savo kaimynes, ES partneres. Gebėjimas bendrauti keliomis kalbomis padeda plėtotis ne tik verslo sričiai, jis padeda ES piliečiams tapti konkurencingesniems ir mobilesniems. ES valdžios taikoma oficialaus daugiakultūriškumo politika – vienintelė pasaulyje. ES valstybinių kalbų vartojimą laiko vienu iš šalies skaidrumo, didesnio teisingumo ir produktyvumo veiksnių. Kultūros ir gyvenimo kokybės stiprinimo lygmeniu ES aktyviai dirba skatindama mokymąsi ir visų Sąjungos valstybinių kalbų vartojimą. Gebėjimas kalbėti keliomis kalbomis bei daugiakultūriškumas – neatsiejama eurointegracijos dalis. Yra tam tikrų gabumų ir kompetencijų, kurios privalomos daugiakultūriam, daugiakalbiam europiečiui, norinčiam tapti visaverčiu ES piliečiu.

Determinants of Individuals' Willingness to Pay for Perceived Reductions in Environmental Health Risks: A Case Study of Bathing Water Quality

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Georgiou ◽  
I H Langford ◽  
I J Bateman ◽  
R K Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Environmental Health Risks ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Measures Of Risk ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

A contingent valuation (CV) study was undertaken to investigate individuals' stated willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce perceived risks of illness from the quality of bathing water at two beaches in East Anglia, United Kingdom. One beach, Great Yarmouth, failed to meet the EC (European Community) Bathing Water Quality Directive standard, whereas the other at Lowestoft passed. The analysis focuses on determinants of individuals' WTP, including measures of risk perception and attitudes to health not usually measured in CV studies. A conceptual model is then presented which sets the valuation of individual preferences in the context of personal worldviews, and external cultural, societal, and environmental factors which may influence, directly or indirectly, an individual's stated WTP.

scholarly journals Representation and the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 620-636
Author(s):  
Sara B. Hobolt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Policy Representation ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Citizens Attitudes ◽  
The Eu

This chapter considers the nature and quality of representation in the European Union by examining the dual paths of representation available to European citizens: the direct path of electing representatives to the European Parliament and the indirect path of electing national parliamentarians, and in turn governments, who represent national interests in the Council. Both paths matter if we want to understand representation in the European Union. The chapter examines the extent to which each of these channels facilitates substantive policy representation in the EU. It explores the quality of the selection and sanctioning processes in European Parliament and national elections, and examines citizens’ attitudes towards democracy at both levels of government. It concludes that, while representation in the EU is imperfect, it reflects the hybrid nature of the EU’s political system and is still undergoing significant change as the EU evolves and its policymaking is becoming more politicized domestically.

scholarly journals Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on the Public

Equilibrium ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Kornecki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
The Eu

Small and medium-sized enterprises are believed to be a key driving force of economic vitality, innovation and new job creation. For a few years the European Union has been monitoring SME performance and the quality of public procurement procedures to make access of SMEs to the public procurement market easier and provide for their greater participation in this market. These activities have their origin in the assumption that having in mind the size of the public procurement market and public resources involved, suitable shaping of this area may improve effectiveness of selected policies at the EU level and in particular member countries. The directives concerning public procurement should ensure opening the market of public procurement for all enterprises irrespectively of their size. Recently the public procurement market in Poland has been continuously growing which doubtlessly resulted from Poland’s accession to the European Union. The aim of this paper is to give evidence of SME position on the public procurement market and to attempt to answer two basic research questions. Firstly, is the market potential fully used as far as applying for awarding public contracts by SMEs is concerned? And secondly, what are the main obstacles determining the access of SMEs to the public procurement market? This is done by reference to available statistical data and two studies that were carried out by the author.

scholarly journals URBAN SANITARY CONDITIONS AND BATHING WATER QUALITY OF THE ENSEADA AND SÃO LOURENÇO BEACHES, MUNICIPALITY OF BERTIOGA, SÃO PAULO (SE, BRAZIL) / CONSEQUÊNCIAS DAS CONDIÇÕES SANITÁRIAS URBANAS DAS PRAIAS DA ENSEADA E SÃO LOURENÇO, MUNICÍPIO DE BERTIOGA-SP, NA QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS DESTINADAS À BALNEABILIDADE

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Renata Aparecida Costa ◽  
Antonio Roberto Saad ◽  
Anderson Targino da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Maria Carolina Hernandez Ribeiro ◽  
Regina De Oliveira Moraes Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
World Health ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Sewage System ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Water Quality ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Brazilian coastal zone comprises more than 8,000 km of extension, which together with the tropical climate, increase the interest of the coastal tourism in the coastal zone. Consequently, the demand for services in coastal cities, such as basic sanitation, is also increasing. In this way, the evaluation of the beach waters quality is of great relevance, since the contact with contaminated water can raise the exposure to pathogenic microorganisms and with this the transmission of waterborne diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the balneability of two beaches (Enseada and São Lourenço, municipality of Bertioga, São Paulo State, SP, Brazil) using sanitary conditions as indicators. The soil coverture and sanitary sewage system were related to the quality of the beach waters. For the analyzed period (2010 to 2016) a direct correlation (R = 0.58 and R = 0.46) was observed between the monitoring stations balneability using the criteria of the “Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente” (National Council of the Environment) CONAMA 274/2000 and the World Health Organization, respectively, and the index of the sanitary sewage system for the region, similarly, the coefficient of determination (R²) presented values of 0.34 and 0.21. The results of the applied methodology allowed a satisfactory evaluation of the water quality of selected beaches and suggested that the São Lourenço beach has a better sanitary sewage system and, consequently, a better bathing water quality and lower risks to the bathers health, while the Enseada Beach presented regular indices due to the lack of a sewage collection system in most of this settlement area. ResumoA zona costeira brasileira compreende mais de 8.000 km de extensão, que aliada ao clima tropical, aumentam o interesse pelo turismo no litoral. Consequentemente, também aumenta a sobrecarga nos serviços das cidades litorâneas, como o de saneamento básico. Dessa forma, a avaliação da qualidade das águas praiais é de grande relevância, pois o contato dos banhistas com águas contaminadas pode elevar a exposição a microrganismos patogênicos, e com isso a transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a balneabilidade de duas praias (Enseada e São Lourenço, município de Bertioga-SP, SE Brasil) utilizando-se as condições sanitárias como indicadores. Para isto, buscou-se relacionar a cobertura do solo e esgotamento sanitário com a qualidade das águas das praias. Para o período analisado (2010 a 2016), observou-se uma correlação direta (R = 0,58 e R = 0,46) entre a balneabilidade dos pontos de monitoramento (critérios da Resolução CONAMA 274/2000 e da Organização Mundial da Saúde, respectivamente) e o índice de esgotamento sanitário da região; de maneira semelhante, o coeficiente de determinação (R²) apresentou valores 0,34 e 0,21. Por fim, os resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada permitiu avaliar a balneabilidade das praias selecionadas de forma satisfatória. Assim, a praia de São Lourenço demonstrou melhores condições de esgotamento sanitário e, como consequência, melhor balneabilidade e menores riscos à saúde dos banhistas, enquanto que a Praia da Enseada apresentou índices regulares em decorrência da inexistência de rede coletora de esgoto na maior parte de sua área.

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