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2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis

Industrial agriculture results in environmental burdens due to the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. Fungicides is a class of pesticides whose application contributes (among others) to human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The European Union aims to increase organic agriculture. For this reason, this work aims to analyze climate change, freshwater ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, (terrestrial) acidification, and freshwater eutrophication impacts of fungicides and calculate expected benefits to human health (per European citizen) and ecosystem quality (terrestrial) with life cycle assessment (LCA) during crop production. The Scopus database was searched for LCA studies that considered the application of fungicides to specific crops. The analysis shows how many systemic and contact fungicides were considered by LCA studies and what was the applied dosage. Furthermore, it shows that fungicides highly contribute to freshwater ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and freshwater eutrophication for fruits and vegetables, but to a low extent compared to all considered environmental impacts in the case of cereals and rapeseed. Expected benefits to human health and ecosystem quality after fungicides elimination are greater for fruits and vegetables, ranging between 0 to 47 min per European citizen in a year and 0 to 90 species per year, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-318
Author(s):  
Nevena Gushkova ◽  

This article presents new trends and challenges for education – effective and necessary for the times in which we live. Today, more than ever, as professional teachers, we need to guarantee every student and parent the values of education and a calm school environment. We need new tools to meet new challenges, to stimulate and inspire our students so that they can reach their full potential, feeling confident and at ease that they are in safe hands. Diversity today is the focus of the evolutionary process of quality, which is certainly difficult, problematic, painful, and yet real. We need to apply strategies, methods that prepare pedagogical specialists to apply traditional education in a new, modern way, emphasizing the positive. It is important to skilfully develop our digital skills that will be useful in classroom work and personal development of teachers and students, worthy of every European citizen. A priority for new trends in education is positive education, building strong teachers with „soft skills“ and the opportunity to always face the challenge of flexibility, looking for non-standard solutions, changing plans, taking advantage of all opportunities in the environment, and helping. The article focuses on the possibility of building „soft skills“ in teachers and students working on a common goal – building mutual trust, discipline, perseverance, motivation, and interest in learning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Marisa Ponti ◽  
Laure Kloetzer‬ ◽  
Grant Miller ◽  
Frank O. Ostermann ◽  
Sven Schade

  Responding to the continued and accelerating rise of Machine Learning (ML) in citizen science, we organized a discussion panel at the 3rd European Citizen Science 2020 Conference to initiate a dialogue on how citizen scientists interact and collaborate with algorithms. This brief summarizes a presentation about two Zooniverse projects which illustrated the impact that new developments in ML are having on citizen science projects which involve visual inspection of large datasets. We also share the results of a poll to elicit opinions and ideas from the audience on two statements, one positive and one critical of using ML in CS. The discussion with the participants raised several issues that we grouped into four main themes: a) democracy and participation; b) skill-biased technological change; c) data ownership vs public domain/digital commons, and d) transparency. All these issues warrant further research for those who are concerned about ML in citizen science.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Teresa Tomaszkiewicz

The European Union is by definition a multilingual organization in which the official languages of all members are recognized equally. The translation system in this organization is highly developed. Political correctness wants to give the impression that every European citizen can communicate in his mother tongue without barriers or limits. However, practice shows that in many cases this principle does not correspond to reality. In this article the author shows, on the basis of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the working languages, which are offered by translator training programs belonging to the EMT (European Master’s in Translation) network, that there is a clear difference between the status of “central” languages, dominant in communication, and the so called “peripherals”, of less diffusion. This situation has an impact on the volume and number of translations, their direction, and, consequently, on the translators’ training.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Cosmai

Abstract Setting out from a quotation by Eugene Nida, this paper critically analyses the issue of translation quality in the peculiar context of EU institutions and bodies. While EU-specific translating is certainly acknowledged as a purposeful activity and generally takes into account the various parameters associated with functionalist theories of translation, other factors may intervene. In particular, attention is drawn to the risk that a single word or concept can take on different meanings in each of the institutional or cultural contexts comprising the European Union, and to the need to make sure that Europe’s words mean the same thing for any European citizen. Against this backdrop, the creation of EU-specific terminology is seen as an inherent step in the formation of new institutional or political concepts related to the activities or the practices of the European Union. Some examples of translation discrepancies are presented, along with their differing impact on the effectiveness of the legal or political message and the differing quality standards they seem to require in order to ensure interlingual consistency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Roche ◽  
Aoibhinn Ni Shuilleabhain ◽  
Peter Mooney ◽  
Gillian L. Barber ◽  
Laura Bell ◽  
...  

Ireland has a rich history of public engagement with science and the growing number of national citizen science initiatives is in keeping with developments seen in other European countries. This paper explores several aspects of citizen science in Ireland, in order to assess its development and to better understand potential opportunities for the field. An introduction to the roots of citizen science in Ireland’s past, from the first methodical observations of natural phenomena carried out at monastic settlements up to present day projects monitoring environmental change and biodiversity, is presented along with an overview of the current national citizen science projects running in the country. This cataloging of contemporary citizen science will be compared to the awareness of citizen science in the Irish education system at primary, post-primary, and university level. These measures of progress will be considered in the changing context of international citizen science funding and available support, such as the European Citizen Science Association and the EU-Citizen.Science platform. Citizen science in Ireland is at a critical point. If citizen science is embraced as a truly social and participatory innovation, Ireland has the chance to not only dramatically improve its citizen science output, but to also become a model of best practice for countries at similar stages of citizen science development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1774
Author(s):  
Nicola Moczek ◽  
Silke L. Voigt-Heucke ◽  
Kim G. Mortega ◽  
Claudia Fabó Cartas ◽  
Jörn Knobloch

In theoretical frameworks, it is often assumed that citizen science projects contribute to the Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because of their participatory character and the potential for social transformation. To bring a practical perspective into the dialogue, we designed a survey to obtain direct assessments of the contribution of citizen science to the SDGs by European project participants. We launched the survey across European science networks in 2020 and evaluated 125 questionnaires. Participants reported contributing most to three of the SDGs: ‘Good health and well-being’, ‘Quality education’, and Life on Land’. Additionally, our results provide evidence that, with ongoing advocacy, citizen science projects in Europe could support all SDGs in the future. Seventy-two percent of participants indicated that their projects are involved in data acquisition and 30% stated to report data, but 19% do not pass on data at all. Our findings indicate further that European citizen science projects lack infrastructures and institutional support to facilitate data sharing. We recommend a focus on the promotion or creation of interfaces, for example, between projects and UN databases. Finally, we advise that citizen science projects, some of which operate with little funding, should not be overburdened with inflated expectations as a means of implementing the SDGs.


Author(s):  
Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho

The objectives of this research are to evaluate the entrepreneurship attitudes and skills in the European Union and other world countries context before COVID-19 and discuss perspectives for the future. The information available in the Eurobarometers for the entrepreneurship that was worked through quantitative approaches was assessed. The results show that there is a long way to go in the European Union to achieve the desirable levels of personal, profession, and business entrepreneurship. In fact, the perceptions of the European citizen about the entrepreneurship changed in the last years, in consequence, for example, of technological developments, but still fall short of other countries as, for example, in some aspects the United States. In any cases, the skill improvements verified in Europe and the levels of innovation achieved are good news for the new challenges that will arrive soon.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Aude Bouveresse

      The free movement of EU citizens within the Union reveals the ambiguous relationship between the EU and borders. While the functioning of the internal market is essentially based on freedom of movement and implies the elimination of borders as barriers to trade, the freedom of movement of the European citizen remains defined largely within the conceptual framework of borders, since nationality is a prime requirement for European citizenship. Inside the EU, as this article highlights, borders are necessary and problematic at same time. The Court has played with the concept of borders to address these ambiguities with a view to deepening integration. The conclusion is that if the Court has been able to effectively remove obstacles related to internal borders concerning the free movement of goods and the movement of active economic persons, such has not been the case for the free movement of European citizens, economically inactive. It follows from the division of competences and the case law of the European judges that solidarity remains intrinsically linked to nationality and therefore inevitably leads to the re-establishment of borders and the separation of peoples. This demonstrates the resistance of the “paradigm of a European market citizenship”. By revaluing nationality in the context of the enjoyment of the rights linked to citizenship, the European Court of Justice could hamper the integration process by renationalising the individual and establishing new borders.


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