scholarly journals Lexical and Grammatical Aspects of Direct and Indirect Speech in Turkish News Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
O.A. Alekseeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech

The lexical and grammatical aspects of direct and indirect speech in the Turkish news language were considered based on the materials from trustworthy Turkish online media, from which more than a hundred sentences containing direct and/or indirect speech were selected and analyzed. The following ways of introducing indirect speech were identified: predicate of indirect speech takes the form of verb noun -mA; predicate of indirect speech takes the forms -DIğI/-AcAğI; indirect speech is introduced as an extended participial phrase with semi-predicative meaning expressed by the participle of the present and past tense -An formed from verb of saying. Direct speech is formed: with the word diye; with the pronouns şu and şöyle; with a noun which forms a one-affix izafet (indefinite nominal compound) with direct speech and a verb. Combinations of direct and indirect speech in one sentence were as follows: indirect speech is formed with extended participial phrase expressing semi-predicative meaning, direct speech is formed with the word diye or nominal compound; indirect speech is in form of extended adverbial participial phrase with participle -ArAk, direct speech is formed with the word diye or nominal compound; indirect speech is in form of extended participial phrase expressing semi-predicative meaning, direct speech is formed with the pronouns şu and şöyle; indirect speech is in form of extended adverbial participial phrase with participle -ArAk, direct speech is formed with the pronouns şu and şöyle. The most frequent speech verbs were identified and classified into different lexical and semantic groups. They were analyzed in the context of co-occurrence with the verb noun -mA and the forms -DIğI/-AcAğI.

Past Tense transportation in English

1977 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Huddleston
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Finite Verb

Poutsma (1926: 441–447) says of sentences like: (I) I could have got the money easily enough. that ‘the notion of completed action in this combination [is expressed] not in the finite verb, where it logically belongs, but in the following infinitive’. He speaks of this phenomenon as ‘tense-shifting’; I have preferred ‘past tense transportation’ (PTT) in order to make it clear that it is only the Past Tense that is involved, I and to avoid confusion with the quite different but more frequent use of ‘tense- shifting’ in accounts of the ‘sequence of tenses’ in indirect speech, etc., where a direct speech non-Past is commonly said to be ‘backshifted’ to a Past Tense (She is ill ∽ He said she was ill).

scholarly journals PRINSIP KESANTUNAN BERDASARKAN MAKSIM LEECH DALAM KUMPULAN NASKAH DRAMA GENG TOILET KARYA SOSIAWAN LEAK DAN RELEVANSINYA SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR TEKS DRAMA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Vinsca Sabrina Claudia ◽  
Ani Rakhmawati ◽  
Budi Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

<em>The research aims to explain and describe (1) speech acts in the dialogue collection of  drama text Geng Toilet; (2) the principle of politeness in the dialogue collection of drama text Geng Toilet; (3) the relevance collection of drama text Geng Toilet as a teaching material for drama text in High School. The method use in this research is descriptive qualitative. The result of the research indicates the result of the research indicates the speech act in the collection of the drama text Geng Toilet based on speech that contains action include locution,illocution, and perlocution. While, speech acts based on the sentence mode include direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.Next, the principle of politeness in the dialogue collection of drama text Geng Toilet includes maxim of agreement or consent, maxim of generosity, maxim acceptance or praise or appreciation, maxim of humility or simplicity, and maxim of sympathy. the collection of drama text Geng Toilet can be  used  as a teaching materials for drama text in High School.</em>

Listening to Stones

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Chaniotis
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Dead Person ◽  
Emotional Language ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Public Demonstrations

This chapter explores how the gamut of responses to the presence of an inscription has to include not just sight and touch but also imagination and vocalisation. Being meant to be read aloud, they convey a reader's voice as well as that of the inscription itself or that of the dead person commemorated on a gravestone. Even more immediate is the potential impact when a person's actual words are preserved and displayed. They may be in direct speech, illustrated by letters and confessions, or in indirect speech as records of manumissions, minutes of meetings, or jokes. They may alternatively be performative speech, in the form of acclamations, formal declarations, oaths, prayers or hymns; and can equally be reports of oral events such as meetings or even public demonstrations. They can also be couched in various forms of emotional language, whether uttered by individuals (graffiti, prayers or the edicts of angry rulers) or more collectively and formally in secular or religious acclamations, and even in decrees of state. A final section emphasises the need for practitioners of the discipline of epigraphy to be missionaries — to spread the word about the value of visible words.

Speech reporting as a discourse strategy

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Baynham
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Discourse Strategy

Abstract This paper examines approaches to the analysis of speech reporting, finding that these approaches fall into two broad categories: traditional approaches which emphasize the syntactic dimension of speech reporting and are informed by an autonomous model of language and discourse pragmatic approaches which emphasize the interaction of syntactic, pragmatic and stylistic factors in discourse. A model for speech reporting strategies in discourse is proposed, involving direct and indirect speech reporting strategies and a ‘lexicalization strategy’. Using this model, a number of approaches to the function of direct speech reporting strategies in the early stages of SLA are reviewed, which analyze the function of direct speech reporting as a ‘compensatory discourse strategy’, not as stylistic variation. It is argued that this analysis is informed by the traditional approach to speech reporting and does not take into account the ‘lexicalization strategy’. When the lexicalization strategy is considered, direct speech is found to function both referentially and stylistically in learner discourse. The argument is illustrated via an analysis of speech reporting in narrative in learner varieties of English and German.

Indirect Speech and Its Predicates in Korean

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Nam-Kil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech

The purpose of this paper is to investigate indirect speech and its predicates in Korean. Section 1 deals with differences between indirect speech and direct speech. Section 2 discusses the structural status of indirect speech. Section 3 describes types of predicates and examines their syntactic and semantic characteristics.

scholarly journals Biblical Evaluative Discourse of Speech and Thought Presentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Riyadh T. K. Al-Ameedi ◽  
Sadiq M. K. Al Shamiri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Narrative Report

The study aims to highlight the evaluative strategies associated with the Biblical modes of speech and thought presentation. An eclectic pragma-stylistic model of analysis is developed to test the validity of the hypotheses that the targeted modes of discourse are almost always internally and/or externally evaluated by the narrator, and that the reportive modes of speech and thought are evaluative in respect to the quotative modes. The study arrived to the conclusion that different modes of speech and thought are exploited in building narrative genres. These modes form two interrelated types of discourse: quotative and reportive. Four modes contribute to the occurrence of the quotative discourse which are direct speech, free direct speech, direct thought, and free direct thought. The reportive discourse occurs when using one of the reportive modes which include indirect speech, free indirect speech, narrative report of speech act, narrator’s representation of voice, indirect thought, free indirect thought, narrative report of thought act, and internal narration. When employed in the targeted Biblical discourse, the quotative and reportive modes are often evaluated by the Biblical narrator. Evaluations of this kind implicate additional meanings and affect reader’s interpretation of the represented speeches or thoughts. The Biblical reportive modes are often evaluative in respect to the quotative ones. The Biblical narrator’s internal, external, and interactional evaluative strategies contribute to the occurrence of the Biblical evaluative discourse of speech and thought presentation. 

scholarly journals Speech Act Analysis of Madurese Wedding Ceremony in Kalidandan Village, Pakuniran, Probolinggo

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Anwari Anwari
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Illocutionary Act ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Indirect Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Analysis ◽  
Perlocutionary Act

Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language. This study aims to describe kinds of speech acts especially locutionary act, illocutionary act, and the perlocutionary act of Madurese wedding ceremony in Kalidandan village, Pakuniran district, Probolinggo regency. The results of this study showed that the illocutionary act of the Madurese wedding ceremony in Kalidandan village, Pakuniran district, Probolinggo regency has various kinds of speech act, 1) direct speech act; 2) indirect speech act; 3) literal speech act; 4) non-literal speech act; 5) direct literal speech act; 6) indirect literal speech act; 7) direct non-literal speech act, and 8) indirect non-literal speech act.Keywords: Speech act, Kinds of speech act, and Madurese

scholarly journals al-Kalam Ghairu al-Mubasyir fi Surah al-Anbiya’

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Ahmad Riza Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Indirect Speech Act ◽  
Holy Book

Declarative sentences, in addition to being used to convey news, are also functioned to ask questions; Interrogative sentences are not only used for asking questions but also for requests or orders. Meanwhile, the command sentence can only be used conventionally, and cannot be used unconventionally. If the three sentences are used conventionally, the speech is called a direct speech act, whereas if it is used unconventionally, it is called an indirect speech act. The use of indirect sentences has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. An order that is told by using a news sentence or question sentence will be perceived by the interlocutor as lighter, even for the interlocutor the command to himself is not felt as an order. In the Alquran there are many sentences that are used unconventionally, which shows that the Alquran is a holy book that upholds the politeness of language. One of them is surah al-Anbiya’. In the surah al-Anbiya’, several verses which are indirect speech are found. In the surah al-Anbiya’ the forms of indirect speech are as follows; Four declarative utterances with imperative meanings are in verses 39, 41, 45, and 47. Seventeen interrogative utterances have declarative meaning in verses 3, 6, 10, 21, 24, 30, 34, 36, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 59, 66, and 67. Three meaningful interrogative speeches are found in verses 38, 80, and 108.

scholarly journals Backshift and tense decomposition

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Costa ◽  
António Branco
Keyword(s):  
General Analysis ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Speech Time ◽  
Event Times ◽  
Embedded Contexts ◽  
Verb Tense

Backshift is a phenomenon affecting verb tense that is visible as a mismatch between some specific embedded contexts and other environments. For instance, the indirect speech equivalent of a sentence like 'Kim likes reading', with a present tense verb, may show the same verb in a past tense form, as in 'Sandy said Kim liked reading'. We present a general analysis of backshift, pooling data from English and Romance languages. Our analysis acknowledges that tense morphology is ambiguous between different temporal meanings, explicitly models the role of the speech time and the event times involved and takes the aspectual constraints of tenses into consideration.

scholarly journals SPEECH ACTS IN ENGLISH LEARNING CLASSROOMS (Case Study at The Islamic College Jakarta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Fitriyah Fitriyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
English Class ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Indirect Speech Acts ◽  
Three Stages

This study aims to analyze and describe (1) the form of speech acts in interactions in the English learning class at Islamic College Jakarta and (2) the types of speech acts in the interaction in the English class at Islamic College Jakarta. To achieve this goal, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative research design. The subjects of this study were students of Islamic College Jakarta. The objects in this study are the form, function, and type of speech uttered by Islamic College Jakarta students in the interaction of learning English in the classroom. Data collection and research using the note-taking method assisted by recording techniques. Data analysis in this study used qualitative data analysis procedures based on the interactive Miles model which generally includes three stages, namely (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, (3) verification. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The form of speech acts of students in the English class, namely the form of speech acts in the declarative mode, the interrogative mode, and the imperative mode. (2) Types of speech acts of students in English class, direct literal speech acts, non-literal direct speech acts, literal indirect speech acts, and non-literal indirect speech acts. The use of direct speech acts aims to make speech partners easier to understand what the speakers (lecturers or students) want. Suggestions that can be given through this research are for lecturers, students, other researchers, and readers, this research can be used as a guideline, reference, and comparison material to gain insight into the field of linguistic science, especially speech acts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document