Overview of National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System in Europe and the United States

ABSTRACTNontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are important causes of community-acquired bloodstream infection. We describe patterns of antimicrobial resistance among invasive NTS in the United States. We compared bloodstream NTS isolates with those from stool submitted to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) from 1996 to 2007. We describe antimicrobial resistance among invasive strains by serogroup and serotype. Of the 19,302 NTS isolates, 17,804 (92.2%) were from stool or blood. Of these, 1,050 (5.9%) were bloodstream isolates. The median ages (ranges) of patients with and without bacteremia were 36 (<1 to 97) years and 20 (<1 to 105) years, respectively (P< 0.001). Males (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.38) and those ≥65 years of age were at greater risk for invasive disease.Salmonella entericaserotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg were the most common serotypes isolated from blood;S. entericaserotypes Dublin, Sandiego, and Schwarzengrund were associated with the greatest risk for bloodstream isolation. Of invasive isolates, 208 (19.8%) were resistant to ampicillin, 117 (11.1%) to chloramphenicol, and 26 (2.5%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; 28 (2.7%) isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and 26 (2.5%) to ceftriaxone. Antimicrobial resistance to traditional agents is common. However, the occurrence of nalidixic acid and ceftriaxone resistance among invasive NTS is cause for clinical and public health vigilance.

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High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Shigella Isolates in the United States Tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.50.1.49-54.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Sumathi Sivapalasingam ◽

Jennifer M. Nelson ◽

Kevin Joyce ◽

Mike Hoekstra ◽

Frederick J. Angulo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

The United States ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Shigella Sonnei ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Resistance Monitoring

ABSTRACT Shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the United States, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. Since 1999, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for Enteric Bacteria has tested every 10th Shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. From 1999 to 2002, NARMS tested 1,604 isolates. Among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were Shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) were Shigella flexneri, 18 (1%) were Shigella boydii, and 7 (0.4%) were Shigella dysenteriae. Overall, 1,251 (78%) were resistant to ampicillin and 744 (46%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Prevalence of TMP-SMX- or ampicillin- and TMP-SMX-resistant Shigella sonnei isolates varied by geographic region, with lower rates in the South and Midwest regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 27% and 30%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 25% and 22%, respectively) and higher rates in the East and West regions (TMP-SMX resistance, 66% and 80%, respectively; ampicillin and TMP-SMX resistance, 54% and 65%, respectively). Nineteen isolates (1%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (1% of S. sonnei and 2% of S. flexneri isolates); 12 (63%) of these isolates had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. One S. flexneri isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Since 1986, resistance to ampicillin and TMP-SMX has dramatically increased. Shigella isolates in the United States remain susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

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Identification of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Swine Ceca and Retail Pork Chops in the United States

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01318-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Gregory H. Tyson ◽

Heather P. Tate ◽

Shaohua Zhao ◽

Cong Li ◽

Uday Dessai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Monitoring System ◽

The United States ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Content Type ◽

Resistance Monitoring ◽

Pork Products ◽

Resistance Plasmids

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial drugs used to treat human Salmonella infections, and resistance is rare in the United States for isolates from human and animal sources. Recently, a number of Salmonella isolates from swine cecal contents and retail pork products from National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveillance exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. We identified two qnrB19 quinolone resistance plasmids that are predominantly responsible for this phenomenon and found them distributed among several Salmonella serotypes isolated throughout the United States.

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Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.4.1037-1042.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1037-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Daniel F. Sahm ◽

James A. Karlowsky ◽

Laurie J. Kelly ◽

Ian A. Critchley ◽

Mark E. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

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Retraction of: Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Enteritidis Isolates Recovered from Chicken, Chicken Breast, and Humans Through National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Between 1996 and 2014, by Paudyal N, Pan H, Li X, Fang W, Yue M. Foodborne Pathog Dis [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2402

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease ◽

10.1089/fpd.2017.2402.retract ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 669-669

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Resistance Monitoring

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Emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance among viridans group streptococci in the United States.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.40.4.891 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 891-894 ◽

Cited By ~ 184

Author(s):

G V Doern ◽

M J Ferraro ◽

A B Brueggemann ◽

K L Ruoff

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Rank Order ◽

The United States ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Streptococcus Milleri ◽

Intermediate Resistance ◽

High Level ◽

Viridans Group Streptococci

Three hundred fifty-two blood culture isolates of viridans group streptococci obtained from 43 U.S. medical centers during 1993 and 1994 were characterized. Included were 48 isolates of "Streptococcus milleri," 219 S. mitis isolates, 29 S. salivarius isolates, and 56 S. sanguis isolates. High-level penicillin resistance (MIC, > or = 4.0 micrograms/ml) was noted among 13.4% of the strains; for 42.9% of the strains, penicillin MICs were 0.25 to 2.0 micrograms/ml (i.e., intermediate resistance). In general, amoxicillin was slightly more active than penicillin. The rank order of activity for five cephalosporins versus viridans group streptococci was cefpodoxime = ceftriaxone > cefprozil = cefuroxime > cephalexin. The percentages of isolates resistant (MIC, > or = 2 micrograms/ml) to these agents were 15, 17, 18, 20, and 96, respectively. The rates of resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 12 to 38%. Resistance to either chloramphenicol or ofloxacin was uncommon (i.e., < 1%). In general, among the four species, S. mitis was the most resistant and "S. milleri" was the most susceptible.

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Where have all the susceptible gonococci gone? A historical review of changes in MIC distribution over the past 75 years

10.21203/rs.2.13785/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chris Kenyon ◽

Jolein Laumen ◽

Dorien Van Den Bossche ◽

Christophe Van Dijck

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Historical Analysis ◽

Historical Review ◽

The United States ◽

Antimicrobial Consumption ◽

The Past ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Loss Of Susceptibility

Abstract Background Does the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae include the erasure of highly susceptible strains or does it merely involve a stretching of the MIC distribution? If it was the former this would be important to know as it would increase the probability that the loss of susceptibility is irreversible.Methods We conducted a historical analysis based on a literature review of changes of N. gonorrhoeae MIC distribution over the past 75 years for 3 antimicrobials (benzylpenicillin, ceftriaxone and azithromycin) in five countries (Denmark, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States).Results Changes in MIC distribution were most marked for benzylpenicillin and showed evidence of a right shifting of MIC distribution that was associated with a reduction/elimination of susceptible strains in all countries. In the case of ceftriaxone and azithromycin, where only more recent data was available, right shifting was also found in all countries but the extent of right shifting varied and the evidence for the elimination of susceptible strains was more mixed.Conclusions The finding of right shifting of MIC distribution combined with reduction/elimination of susceptible strains is concerning since it suggests that this shifting may not be reversible. Since excess antimicrobial consumption is likely to be responsible for this right shifting, this insight provides additional impetus to promote antimicrobial stewardship.

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Association between intensity of STI screening and development of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in 12 cities in the USA: An ecological study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.15569.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 1237

Author(s):

Chris R. Kenyon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

The United States ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

The Usa ◽

Sex With Men

In this study, we assessed if there was a city-level association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening intensity in men who have sex with men and antimicrobial sensitivity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2007 to 2013. We found positive associations between STI screening intensity and increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefixime and azithromycin, but not ceftriaxone when using change in city geometric mean N. gonorrhoeae MIC between 2005 and 2013.

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